Dixie Forever

Chapter 31: Developments in the United States

Third Fiji Expedition

During the War Between the States (1861-1865), Fiji saw a flood of hundreds of American and Australian settlers due to the rising price of cotton, seeking to obtain land and grow cotton.  With the loss of the captive southern market, the United States were even more eager to avoid paying southern tariffs (ironically enough).  They found a lack of functioning government across the islands, so the Europeans were able to get the land through fraudulent or violent means, like exchanging weapons or alcohol with Fijians who may or may not have been the actual owners of the land.  Though this made for a cheap way to acquire land, competing land claims became problematic without a unified government to resolve disputes.  In 1865, the settlers proposed a confederacy (again, ironically) of the seven main native kingdoms in Fiji so as to establish a government.  This effort was initially successful, and a native Fijian named Cakobau was elected the first president of the Fiji Confederation.

Demand for land was high, and white planters pushed into the interior of the largest island, Viti Levu, putting them into confrontation with the Kai Colo, a term for the various clans who resided inland who were not Christian, lived a traditional lifestyle, and not under the rule of Cakobau's confederation.  In 1867, a traveling missionary named Thomas Baker was killed by these Kai Colo in the mountains near the Sigatoka River's headwaters.  The acting British consul demanded President Cakobau lead a force of Fijians to suppress the Kai Colo, but his campaign suffered a deep loss of 61 fighters.  American settlers came into conflict with another group of Kai Colo called the Wainimala, and the American Navy for assistance.  Captain Charles Caldwell, who had been part of the Second Fiji Expedition, left from Northern California to conduct a punitive mission against them.  He had a force of 15 ships, and led several teams of men in to the various Kai Colo villages.  They burned the village of Deoka, and killed over 40 Wainimala.

With several more attacks, the Americans finally subdued the Kai Colo, but in speaking with the American Consul, Brian Caswell, they found that the settlers believed Cakobau could not protect them.  Caldwell and his men took Cakobau captive and forced him to sign a document ceding authority in the islands to the Americans, making Fiji an American territory as of 1867.

Now, with land for cotton and sugar, planters in the United States eagerly came to the islands, as did some Confederates looking for new lands.  By 1900, Europeans outnumbered native Fijians on the islands.

Philippine-American War

The Americans purchased the Philippine Islands from the Spanish in 1876 for $8 million during Grant's final year of his administration.  Soon, Filipino nationalists declared war on the United States as part of the Philippine Republic on February 4, 1879, which lasted until July 2, 1882, viewing their fight as a continuation of their struggles for independence, while the U.S. government viewed it as an insurrection.  The Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Richmond where the United States took possession of the Philippines from the Spanish.

The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians, mostly due to famine and disease.  The Union Army, coming from the bitter defeat of the War Between the States, and the continual Indian Wars under General Sherman, was less forgiving of natives fighting for independence than they might otherwise have been.  Some small groups continued fighting the US forces for several more years.  One of those members was General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member, who would be made the local President of the Tagolog Republic after the end of the war.

US control of the islands changed the culture of the islands, bringing English as the primary language of government, education, business, industry, and later, among the upper class families and educated individuals, and disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion, and introduced Protestantism to the islands.  The US Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act in 1882, which created a Philippine Assembly, with members elected by Filipino males (women got the vote in 1927).  This act would be superseded by the Jones Act in 1916, containing the first formal, official declaration of the US government's commitment to grant independence to the Philippines.  In 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act created the Commonwealth of the Philippines the next year, increasing the self-governance of the islands ahead of independence, and established a process for full independence, which happened in 1948.

Indian Wars

The United States continued its wars with the Indians who continued to come into conflict with the European settlers coming onto their lands.  With the defeat in the War Between the States, General William Tecumseh Sherman's reputation had suffered, along with his indictment in the war crimes tribunal afterward, with his exoneration coming mostly due to the tribunal ending, rather than truly being exonerated of numerous crimes.  His future reputation was only rehabilitated after he successfully removed the Indians to reservations, opening the west to white settlement.

One of the numerous wars was the Colorado Wars, from 1864-5 between the US Army, Colorado Militia, and white settlers in Colorado Territory and the surrounding areas and the Southern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and their allied Brulé and Oglala Sioux (or Lakota) peoples

Some Indians under Black Kettle agreed to stop raiding and settled at Sand Creek in a settlement there bearing a US Flag and a white flag of truce underneath.  Other Indians, the Dog Soldiers, as they called themselves, continued raiding, and the US sent Colonel John Chivington to resolve the situation.

He is quoted as saying: "Damn any man who sympathizes with Indians! ... I have come to kill Indians, and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians. ... Kill and scalp all, big and little; nits make lice."

He went to the settlement killed 675 Indians, including women and children.  After the massacre, a number of Indians agreed to wage war on the whites, defeating them at Rush Creek, Julesburg, and Mud Springs, before the Indians finally settled on peace; around 950 Indians of the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes agreed to move to Confederate Oklahoma, pending agreement by the Confederate State, which agreed on May 19th to allow them into the state.  As part of its agreement to join the Confederacy, Oklahoma was allowed to accept any Indians it wanted, provided they settled, were peaceful, and learned English.

In the northwest, the Snake River War between Northern Paiute, Bannock and Western Shoshone bands who lived along the Snake River and the US Army resulted in 1762 casualties between both sides before the Indians agreed to move to a reservation.  In Montana and the Dakotas, the Powder River War was fought between the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians and the US Army.  Due to the Sand Creek Massare in 1864 by the Union Army, Indian reprisals and raids intensified in the Platte River valley.  After the raids, several thousand Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho congregated in the Powder River area, far from white settlements, and named as Indian territory in the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851.  The Indians viewed the Bozeman Trail through the heart of their country as a threat, even though the treaty allowed roads through their territory, so they harassed miners and other travelers on the trail.  Though the US had three separate columns of soldiers marching through the land, they were not successful in stopping the Indian raids.

The Red Cloud's War, and the Comanche Campaign were fought, with Sherman personally commanding forces during the Comanche Campaign.  It was during this time, when Sherman came up with his "final solution to the Indian Problem" to move them to reservations and kill any who would resist, often targeting women and children as he did to the South during the War Between the States.


Decreasing Competition, Increased Centralization
In the United States, the late 19th century brought about a large increase in competitive businesses, and when a number of the big-business interests, led by the powerful financial interests of J.P. Morgan and Company, tried to establish cartels on the free market to prevent competition from dethroning them from a dominant market position and the money that comes with that.  The first wave of successful cartels were the railroads, so why not another wave?  Every time they tried to increase profits, such as by cutting sales through a quota system, and thereby raising prices or rates, the attempt would quickly collapse from internal competition within the cartel, and from external competition from new competitors who were eager to undercut the cartel.  This is how the free market was designed to work - new competitors coming in and preventing customers from paying more than what something is worth because there is no other option.

During the 1890s, in the next new area of competition - large-scale industrial corporations, big-businesses tried to establish high prices and reduced production with mergers, and again, every time it was tried, the merger would collapse because of incoming competition.  Every time J.P. Morgan and Company tried to attempt a cartel, the market would stop them.  They came to realize that the only way to establish their cartelized economy, which would ensure their continued dominance and profits, was to use the powers of government to establish and maintain the cartels by coercion.  The big-businesses just had to find out the right rhetoric to establish a monopoly...to oppose monopoly.

The railroad monopolies showed how it could be done, to use regulatory commissions to subsidize, restrict, and cartelize in the name of 'opposing monopoly' and to promote the general welfare and national security.  Fortunately for J.P. Morgan and his ilk, there were a class of professional intellectuals who were ready and eager to oblige.  There was a huge growth in the United States of groups of intellectuals, academics, social scientists, technocrats, engineers, social workers, physicians, and occupational 'guilds' eager to work for a larger share of the economic pie than their occupations would make in a truly free market; the economic value of their occupations was outstripped by the intellectual and perceived moral value of their positions to themselves.

In return for these intellectuals serving as the apologists for a new growth in the state, the State would offer 'cartelized' occupations, with increasing and cushy job in the bureaucracy that would also serve to propagandize for the increasingly 'statized' economy and society.  Many of these US intellectuals learned in graduate schools over in Germany about the wonders of statism and socialism, offering a perceived 'middle way' between laissez-fair and total Marxism.  A bigger government, with intellectuals and technocrats, working with big business, aided by unions organized as a willing work force, could impose this cooperative socialist commonwealth to everyone's supposed benefit.

The last big push for centralization in America occurred during the War Between the States, with Lincoln's Republican party had one-party rule in Congress without the South to put brakes on their policies, allowing them to push their policies through while the country was distracted by the war, and the President could muzzle dissent by calling it unpatriotic.  Big business and Republicans worked together to pass an income tax, heavy excise taxes on "sinful" products as alcohol and tobacco, high protective tariffs, and huge land grants (rather than selling the land to pay the expenses of the government), and subsidies to the railroads.  After the end of the war, the tariffs had to come down, and it took a while for the other taxes to go down, sometimes taking external factors to occur (such as when the cotton tax was increased, causing southern retaliation, which shuttered a number of New England textile mills, whose equipment was then bought up by the south and shipped down to them, making them less dependent).  The mildening force of the south was frustrating to businesses up north that wanted government subsidies to help maintain their high profits.  

During and after the war, railroads were overbuilt, and eventually led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887, which would help reduce competition in rail and cause a long-term decline.  The income tax was nullified by the Supreme Court, removing another source of income for the government until the 18th amendment.  The war-time government of the Republicans had also created fiat greenbacks, which had fallen in value by half by Gettysburg, risen up to 3/4 value, then down to 1/4 value by the time of the Union surrender and wouldn't grow again till 1867 when Lincoln was impeached and removed.  It would only be due to the Democrats up north that the gold standard would finally return in 1879.

Another manipulation of the money and banking industries would be the National Banking Acts of 1863, 1864, and 1865, which stopped state-chartered banks from issuing bank notes, and monopolized bank notes in a few federally chartered 'national banks,' which were housed near or at Wall Street.  These national banks were ordered by law to accept each others' notes and demand deposits at par, which also removed the normal free market process of discounting the notes and deposits of banks which were on shaky ground and had printed too many notes.  With these two moves, Wall Street and the government of the US were able to take control of the banking system and inflate the supply of notes in coordination which made it easier for them to pay their notes with depreciated money, making it cheaper for them to pay debt.  There was a problem in that there was no central bank to coordinate the rate of inflation and bail out banks.  So when banks created booms using credit, they got into trouble, and created recessions, forcing them to deflate to save themselves.

Another issue for these national banks was that state banks then grew rapidly because they didn't have the same high legal-capital requirements that restricted entry into the national banking market, causing a boom in state banks in the 1880s and 1890s, frustrating the big-banking forces wanting to monopolize money.  Chicago an Detroit provided more competition to Wall Street banks; in 1880, St Louis and Chicago had 16% of deposits which rose to 33% by 1912.  

United States banks soon became dominated by the Morgan group, which started in investment banking and moved into commercial banking, railroads, and manufacturing firms, and on the other hand the Rockefeller group, which started in oil refineries, then moved into commercial banking, investment banking, and railroads.  Though they were competitors, they both agreed on their need for a central bank.

Wealth and Internationalization
By the turn of the 20th century, a man named Andrew Carnegie was the richest man in the United States.  His fortune was made in his partnership with George Pullman, a man who sold railroad cars to the railroad companies.  Carnegie had purchased several steel mills in Pittsburgh, forming Carnegie Steel, turning it into a 'vertically integrated business,' a prototype for more modern corporations later in the century.  Carnegie Steel owned the mills, the mines for the iron and coal, and the ships and railroads that transported the iron and coal to the factories.

Starting in 1883, Carnegie met Herbert Spencer at Delmonico's in New York, and soon sought out Spencer's company, showering him with lavish presents, even a grand piano once.  With Spencer's help, Carnegie "got rid of theology and the supernatural, and found the truth of evolution," and would through him meet Matthew Arnold, a British agnostic and poet.  Carnegie soon met Prime Minister William Gladstone and Lord Archibald Primrose, the son-in-law of Nathan Rothschild.  Primrose became Prime Minister from 1894, 1895.  When Primrose visited the US, Carnegie acted as his personal tour guide, showing him the coal mines, oil fields, and steel mills, and after, Primrose offered him a seat in Parliament (Carnegie was Scottish-born).  

Carnegie began to be familiar with the ideas of Cecil Rhodes through Primrose and another friend of his, William Stead, and their fanciful plan for a British-American Union, which they believed was inevitable for racial reasons.  Carnegie said that "The American remains three-fourths purely British.  The mixture of the German, which constitutes substantially all of the remainder, though not strictly British, is yet Germanic.  The Briton of today is himself composed in large measure of the Germanic element, and German, Briton, and American are all of the Teutonic race."  Carnegie began to believe that with a British-American Union, would soon draw the Confederates back into Union with them, and with their resources, the Union "would never need to exert its power, but only intimate its wishes and decisions."

Cecil Rhodes believed in the reunion of the English-speaking peoples, and even when Carnegie proposed American, rather than British, dominance of any reunion, Rhodes thought the ends were important enough that he accepted that.  Carnegie had fallen under their spell, and came up with the "Gospel of Wealth" in 1889, that the government should supervise the distribution of wealth and provide for the needs of its citizenry, with the government presided over by a group of millionaires as a ruling elite.  He claimed that the gap between rich and poor was inevitable, due to the laws of nature, providing what would become a blueprint for a shadow government in the US.

Andrew Carnegie sold his steel company to J.P. Morgan for $480 million, and used $1.5 million of it to build a 'Palace of Peace' in the Hague in the Netherlands for an international court of arbitration with the lofty goal of eliminating war between nations.


In 1907, Carnegie published a paper called "A League of Nations" in Outlook Magazine in May, calling for a group of the leading world powers with an international police force.  In 1910, he created the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) in Washington, DC to promote his idea.  He had already created the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT) in 1905, which originally sought to provide pensions to teachers, but also provided endowments to institutions that complied with CFAT's scholastic standards and entrance requirements, slowly becoming the national, but unofficial accreditation society for colleges and universities, creating curriculums, overseeing faculty, and supervising administrations, causing northern universities to begin to reflect Carnegie's beliefs of socialism, agnosticism, and internationalism.

Later, Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, who emigrated in 1940 to Virginia, noted that socialism is not a movement of the people, but of the elites, who bore into institutions and groups as a clique of people, operating as a virus, manipulating people's emotions and sympathies towards the ends the clique wants to reach.  His view of socialism would predominate in Confederate universities and schools, leading to a broad base against the socialism and internationalism coming from abroad.

Corruption in Congress


“This is a government of the people, by the people and for the people no longer,” wrote the former president Rutherford B. Hayes in 1886 in his diary. “It is a government by the corporations, of the corporations and for the corporations.” With the growing economy came money, and with money came influence, and American politicians took some specially handsome bribes from these new corporations, which demanded kickbacks in return, as the helping hand they extended often came with an open palm.

Railroads catapulted the American economy forward as their tracks grew nearly fourfold between 1871 and 1900.  But this didn't come all by itself.  The US federal government helped finance those huge infrastructure projects through land grants of over 150 million acres of land, which were sold to raise revenue.  And those sales came with some very thinly veiled bribes by the railroads; Central Pacific, for example, spent about $500,000 annually between 1875 and 1885 on Congress.  Professor Eric Williams of Missouri University wrote a history of the Gilded Age, and was noted as saying, "Railroads in the United States needed monopoly franchises and subsidies to operate, and to get those, American railroads were more than willing to bribe any public official necessary."


One of the most corrupt administrations up until 1900, President Grant's administration had one of the most notorious examples with the Credit Mobilier Scandal.  Credit Mobilier was a shell construction company created by Union Pacific Railroad, which then submitted doubled construction costs for its eastern portion of the Transcontinental Railroad, and pocketed the overcharged money for itself.  To keep investigations away, they bribed a dozen congressmen with shares priced below market price, which also ensured votes to benefit the company.  Other examples abounded, but this was one of the more public examples, catching Grant's two Vice Presidents.

At this point in time, a number of public officials were quite susceptible to corruption because they got a cut of fees or taxes collected, like sales commissions, and didn't rely on salaries for their income.  That did keep taxes down, but it made government offices places to make a profit.  Many postmasters got a percentage of stamps sold, like in the South at this time, and public prosecutors got fees for each case brought before the courts.  These fees easily morphed into bribery and fraud.  Customs officials across the Confederate-Union border, for example, could and routinely did collect half the penalties paid on goods they claimed were undervalued for import, or would be paid off not to report malfeasance.

In New York, as one example, the NYC Tammany Hall political machine doled out such highly lucrative public offices to favored people as rewards, gaining their own kickbacks in return for the assignments.  They fixed elections with widespread voter fraud, and didn't mind taking quite lavish bribes when awarding city contracts.  Boss Tweed and his cronies were estimated to have stolen between $45-$200 million in city funds, Tweed himself becoming the third largest landowner in New York City before his conviction on over 209 counts of fraud.

Other politicians would use their inside knowledge of where new public works were going to be built to engage in very lucrative land speculation, like George Plunkitt did.  He bought worthless land, and sold it to the government at an inflated price, a practice he called "honest graft."

Immigrants pick Dixie (1880s)

Polish Jewish immigrant Benjamin Wonsal came from Poland to Baltimore, Maryland to open a shoe shop, but soon after arriving, he moved down to Richmond, Virginia, CSA.  The next year in 1889, his wife and sons came and joined him on the German steamship Bremen.  His sons adopted English-translations of their names, and soon opened businesses of their own, changing Wonsal to Warner.  The family grew and the two oldest sons tried opening meat shops in Ohio and Pennsylvania, but soon had to move back south to Virginia in the Confederacy.  The Warner Brothers would continue to work in the more business-friendly Confederacy, where the taxes were lower, regulation lighter, and people friendlier than in the United States to Jewish people.

Columbian Exposition (1892)


The World's Fair in 1892 was decided to be held in the Confederate States of America, which decided to hold the fair in Columbia, the capital, along the Congaree River, as shown in the engraving above.  The choice of location was to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus, for whom the town was named, and the 30th anniversary of Confederate Independence.  The exposition covered over 690 acres between Gervais and Blossom Street and what we call Olympia-Granby today, and featured about 200 new (temporary) buildings with mainly neoclassical architecture, canals, and lagoons, and had people and cultures from 46 countries.  More than 27 million people attended the exposition during its 6-month run from October 1892 through April of 1893.  The scale and grandeur of this exposition far exceeded the other world's fairs, and became a symbol of the emerging Confederate Exceptionalism, much like the Great Exhibition became a symbol of Victorian-era United Kingdom.

The exposition offices were in a skyscraper downtown, in the Hammond-Roberts Building.




Industrial exposition; original Ferris Wheel, exhibit hall interior

The fair included life-size reproductions of Christopher Columbus' three ships, the Niña (real name Santa Clara), the Pinta, and the Santa María. These were supposed to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of the Americas. The ships, a joint project of the governments of Spain and the Confederate States, were constructed in Spain and then sailed to Dixie for the exposition. The ships were a very popular exhibit, and a sign of the now friendly relations between Spain and Dixie, their war nearly twenty years in the past.  Spanish-speaking Confederates, from Texas, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, Rio Grande, Sonora, Chihuahua, and Veracruz often had children or family members who attended a Spanish-university like the one in Barcelona, or would bring back new architectural styles that blended into the styles already existing in the south.


Illustration of the booths in the Expo, with patrons browsing


Columbia Museum of Science and Industry, the 'Palace of Fine Arts' built along Lake Murray

World's Congress Auxiliary Building, now the Columbia Museum of Art

The exposition showcased Confederate achievements in science and industry, and agricultural advancements they had made.  Electric lighting let people walk the grounds at night safely, and expositions of new electric appliances, now with electric plugs, rather than light-socket plugs, were a new wonder.


Picture from the exposition, with the statue of the Republic, nicknamed 'Confederatia,' overlooking the exposition, now located on the grounds of the capitol.

The exhibit had plenty of rides, and exhibits including 'Little Egypt,' who introduced a form of belly dancing to Dixie, which became advertised to women as a great way to work out and keep a flat stomach.  A moving walkway was shown for the first time, one seated and one for walking/standing.
 
The Carolina Building, visited by 18 million people

Over 18 million people visited the Carolina Building, popularizing porches and two-story homes across the North and South.  The electrotachyscope of Ottomar Anschütz was demonstrated, which used a Geissler tube to project the illusion of moving images.
  Among the other attractions at the fair, several products that are well-known today were introduced. These products included Juicy Fruit Gum, Cream of Wheat, and Pabst Blue Ribbon beer, among many others.




The General, a famous war train, was on display


The General was on display, but could no longer travel on current Confederate rail, because of the 6' gauge used throughout Dixie.

Norway sent a replica Godstad ship called Viking; Germany made the Krupp building, showcasing artillery and weaponry.  The greenhouse carried cacti, orchids, tulips and other plants from around the world.


The Hawaiian exhibit featured exotic fruit like pineapples and showed authentic Hawaiian natives, speaking with an authentic southern accent and also in Hawaiian.  Mariana Islanders from Guam and Saipan showed off their culture, as did Washington Islanders, and a number of Indian tribes, in the Indigenous Peoples' Exposition Hall, designed to showcase their cultures and how they integrated into Dixie while maintaining their own cultures; black Confederates had a showcase on their own unique history within Dixie, showcasing the past in slavery, Confederate emancipation, black participation in both wars (War for Southern Independence, Spanish-Confederate War), and progress at integrating into Dixie as free people, with speeches by Booker T Washington and others.  Every state had their own exposition.  Even horseless carriages from Europe were shown off.

Great Arch at the Transportation Hall

Panic of 1893

J.P. Morgan was a powerful man, and could manipulate the economy of the United States if he chose.  Some believe he caused the Panic of 1893 so that he could bail out the government with $65 million in gold, ultimately coming from the Rothschild banking family of London.  

There were, however, multiple causes for the panic, including a wheat crop failure in Argentina followed by a failed coup in Buenos Aires, resulting in British Patagonian involvement for two years in a shooting war there; speculation in South African and Australian properties collapsed; both of these are commonly believed to have caused a European run on U.S. gold.  It didn't help that the United States' economic growth and expansion depended upon high commodity prices and propping up internal industries by protective tariffs, meaning the businesses were inherently less efficient than other nations' businesses.  Various mines opened in the western United States, leading to an oversupply of silver, causing a silver-coinage movement, along with a railroad bubble, causing them to be overbuilt across the North.

1890 Railroad map of the US, showing the huge amount of rail

President Grover Cleveland came into office in 1893, and just 12 days later, the first clear signs of economic trouble came with the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, which had overextended itself.

Reading Terminal, Philadelphia, finished 1893

President Cleveland, just starting his second term, had to deal with the oncoming crisis by starting with the Treasury, convincing Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which did create some inflation, and was able to maintain the gold reserves at the Treasury.  People grew concerned for their own deposits, and began rushing to withdraw their money from the banks, causing a credit crunch that rippled through the economy.  This was felt even in London and Europe, where foreign investors began selling their US stocks to obtain gold-backed funds from the US, causing a decline in stock prices.  The panic deepened with 500 northern banks closing, 15,000 businesses failing, and numerous farms failing.  Unemployment reached 25% in Pennsylvania, 35% in New York, and 43% in Michigan, with soup kitchens a common sight.  People chopped wood, broke rocks, and sewed clothes in exchange for food, and women resorted to prostitution to feed their families.  Potato Patches were launched in Detroit to create community gardens to help feed the people.

Despite being in office for such a short time, the President got the blame for the depression, the breaking of the Pullman Strike, and gold reserves fell to a dangerously low level, forcing Cleveland to borrow that $65 million from J.P. Morgan and ultimately the Rothschilds of England.  The Democrats lost big in the 1894 election, McKinley won in 1896, and the Democrats stayed out of power till 1910, which was good for big business.

Pledge of Allegiance

In the United States, Francis Bellamy, a socialist and devotee of Abraham Lincoln, sought to teach children devotion to their country and to redirect devotion to the national government, rather than the state government, which caused the secession crisis of the 1860s, as he phrased it.  His initial oath read:

I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

The event of Columbus Day was used to encourage children who read "The Youth's Companion," conceived of and promoted by a marketer for that magazine named James B Upham, who wanted to use the campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism (love of country and at this point, a belief in the unity of the national government and its supremacy over the states was also becoming common to counteract states' rights in the north to avoid another 'secession crisis'), and to encourage children to raise flags above their schools.  According to Margarette Miller, an author in the north, Upham would often tell his wife, "Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into the Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain."

The initial pledge had children salute with the palm out, facing the flag, the so-called 'Roman salute,' and then place their hands over their hearts, and then at their sides.

By 1896, the Confederate States, having just celebrated their 35th anniversary of independence (since 1861), came up with their own pledge, with a much simpler hand over the heart motion for children across the confederation:

"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the Confederate States of America, and to the sovereign states for which it stands, a confederated republic with liberty and justice for all."

It would take several years before this counterpart would make it throughout the south, but it would help to increase the love and devotion to the flag of the Confederate States in children across the land, and even as far away as the Mariana Islands, Cuba, and Alaska.  On the 50th anniversary in 1911, Congress voted to add "under God" to acknowledge the role of Divine Providence in their gaining independence: 

"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the Confederate States of America, and to the sovereign states for which it stands, a confederated republic, under God, with liberty and justice for all."

With this pledge, the southern confederation encouraged the placing of Confederate flags all throughout the south to help deepen devotion to the southern cross under which so many fought 50 years prior.  Confederates of all races would soon sign up for the Confederate Army in their next war.

Confederate Banking and Income Taxes
In contrast to the United States, the Confederate States never had a national income tax, because in their opinion, that was not a delegated power to the confederal government.  The various states had small (1% to 3%) taxes on incomes which went to rebuilding infrastructure and paying off the war debts, and by the late 19th century, most of the income taxes were reduced or eliminated in the Confederate States.

Banks in the Confederate States were also state-chartered, as southerners wanted nothing to do with a national bank, such that they passed an amendment to prevent it from happening.  The eleventh Confederate Amendment came in the 1870s, and was passed in 1878:

1. Congress shall pass no law taxing the wages or other income, from whatever source, of citizens of the Confederate States.

2. Congress shall make no law chartering or establishing a national bank in form or in function, nationalizing state-chartered banks, nor allowing the issuance of the currency to be placed anywhere but with the Department of the Treasury.

3. No foreign national shall own a majority share or an entire share of any bank or branch of a bank within the Confederate States, nor exercise therewith any decision-making authority or any other authority or influence whatsoever, nor shall more than one third of any bank by owned by any foreign national.

4. No foreign national shall own in whole, or have controlling interest in any business chartered and headquartered within the Confederate States, or exercise any decision-making authority or any other authority or influence thereover, nor shall more than one third of any business by owned by any foreign national.

5. Congress shall have the authority to authorize the President to seize any assets of any foreign national in violation of this article in accordance with law upon ratification hereof to be sold to a citizen of the Confederate States with no connection to the foreign owner at the value upon seizure.

6. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate law.

Those two powers were reserved to the states, as the 11th amendment only stopped the confederal Congress, not the state legislatures.  So, throughout the 19th century, bank notes were printed by state-chartered banks, but were backed with gold and silver, preventing over-inflation of the money supply because when a bank did so, it would lose deposits due to the market correcting their mistakes.  The Treasury department was allowed to print Confederate Dollars, as it had done during the war, but now they were backed by gold and silver, with the fiat graybacks being redeemed slowly after the war.

This there would be two dollars in the Confederacy, Confederate Dollars and State Dollars.  Both looked almost identical, but with the Banknote Act of 1868, all Confederate Dollars had nearly the same design, the only real differences being the cities where it was printed, the signature of the state, instead of confederate treasurer, and state-specific backs, representing scenes of the state whence they came.

The 1868 dollar looked much like this, though state issued dollars often had famous generals from their states who fought in the War for Southern Independence.  Louisiana's dollars were bilingual French/English, and Texas's dollars were German/English.

The 1868 back of the CS dollar had an allegory series much like this later one in the US:


But starting in 1868, all Confederate Dollar bank notes were required to be backed 100% by gold or silver, and became known as 'silver certificates' and 'gold certificates.'

With the much higher decentralization in the Confederacy, companies were much less likely to try to cartelize or try to work for favors, as the states in the Confederacy could nullify any attempt by the national government to establish a monopoly on anything.  Railroads were thus more likely to choose profitable routes, keep trains new and clean, and offer new amenities like electric lights, air conditioning, reclining and cushioned seats, and sleeper cars.

During the war, an income tax was passed in the United States to fund the war, but at the time, there was no desire to do so in the Confederate Congress.  After a decade of independence, foreign bank interests had begun agitating to get an income tax passed in the CS on the federal level, despite there being no delegated power to do so.

So President Lee requested that the amendment proposed, the 11th, also include a provision against an income tax to prevent the federal government from growing too large.

Confederate Statehood: Cuba (17)

Brigadier General Ambrosio José Gonzales was named the territorial governor of Cuba, working with Carlos de Cespedes on establishing a working government for the island and a constitution. Unlike Puerto Rico, Cuba was granted statehood upon entry into the Confederacy, provided a constitution and a working government without corruption.  Between Gonzales and Cespedes, the two men were able to create a Constitution for the island largely based on those of Texas and Florida, and agreed to establish a Senate and House based on the Cuban provinces for districts, a Supreme Court based on Confederate law, and to establish a Confederate States District Court of the Caribbean for Cuba and Puerto Rico.  Around 8,000 Confederate civilians had already moved to the island as necessary to establish order and improve the condition of the islands.  The original provinces, carried over from the Spanish colonial period, were Pinar del Río, La Habana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, and Camagüey, which became the first six senatorial districts, with 4 senators each.

Cuban Senatorial Provinces (1874-1904)

In 1874, the island was granted statehood within a few weeks of the end of the war, with provisos of establishing order, and that the state would have half its Senators and Representatives be from the mainland for at least the first five years, and all islanders would learn English in school to a fluent level.  They didn't have to speak English, they just had to know English for the sake of communication with the mainland.  What they did on the island could be in Spanish for all Richmond, and later, Davis, DC, cared.


Cuba State Flag

William Johnson, a Captain in the Confederate Army who had fought in the war on the island, was an educator from Georgia, and met a woman on the island, and decided to stay with Maria Lopez, and was named the head of the University of Havana.  He was more than capable of the task and added a number of courses to the requirements, including English fluency as a requirement.  The first class of students included maybe 5% mainlanders, which grew to around 45% within ten years.

Loreta Janeta Velazquez, aka Lt. Harry Buford, a woman of Cuban descent who had fought dressed as a man twice in the army, then discharged, came to the island and helped establish a school on the island in Havana, with a focus on the history of the Confederacy and its advantages over Spain.  Her pioneering work helped calm some of the lingering independence hardliners, and convince many children, who in turn convinced more people, of the advantages of confederating rather than independence, namely, that Cubans would be left alone in the Confederacy, but they would become an economically exploited colony of the US or the UK.

An issue of the legacy of Spain's colonization was a culture of corruption, that the Confederates were very intent on rooting out.  That caused quite a few clashes with the locals, who were simply doing what they'd always done, but with the elimination of corruption, the economy rebounded and people stopped looking to the government for favors and began doing things for themselves.  The introduction of the Confederate Dollar, bilingual in Spanish and English, brought a change in prices and some confusion, but soon, with a stabilization of prices and the large amount of silver coins meant that Cubans were more able to store wealth than under Spanish rule, and with the rooting out of corruption in public officials and judges, were able to get ahead in life and grow into an actual middle class on the island.  

Soon, Cuban coffee, sugar, and tobacco, and then cigars, came onto the market on the mainland and became a source of great income for the island and great wealth, and attracted more mainlanders onto the island.  This had the effect of increasing the number of Protestants and Protestant denominations on the island, and also increasing the use of English on the island.  By 1900, there were maybe 1/3 islanders who were English speakers, about 1/5 of those being native Cubans who spoke English instead of Spanish.  Immigration onto the island increased the diversity of the island, such that the people of Cuba gained a number of Polish, German, Italian, Greek, Scandinavian, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, and English immigrants, who, per Confederate immigration policy, had some skills such as metallurgy, chemistry, mining, railroads, engineering, or later on, electricity, who would help the island modernize.  Railroads began crossing the island, running mainly a ring around the coasts, with tracks crossing over the island every few dozen miles, and the island soon got electricity, first in Havana, then in other cities in a slow progression.

Confederate Statehood: Puerto Rico (24)

Puerto Rico was transferred to the Confederate States as a result of the Spanish-Confederate War in 1873-1874.  In order to get the island in order, President Breckinridge appointed Major General Santos Benovides, a Tejano who had served during both the War for Southern Independence and the Spanish-Confederate War, as the military governor of the island, tasked with bringing the island to order before transferring to civilian government.  President George Washington Custis Lee continued Breckinridge's desire to get a civilian government up as soon as possible, so the first two years were taken with taken a census and finding out what the island had as far as 'human resources' that could work with the Confederates to govern the island.  Hispanic Confederates came to the island from Texas and the south, like Paul Francis de Gournay, a Colonel from the war who had settled in Louisiana and David Camden DeLeón, the first Surgeon General of the Confederacy.  DeLeón took stock of the medical conditions of the island, and ahead of his time, recommended a sewage system to pipe out the waste from the streets, and to help supply water to the people and to help fight fires.  Paul de Gournay worked with Benovides to recommend housing improvements and street widening in some towns where possible, and found a number of Puerto Ricans who could work with the Confederates in winning over the people and improving living conditions on the island.  A number of white Confederates also moved down to the island, whether for adventure, a new experience, to make money, or simply to help improve the island.  Some didn't even want to keep the island, but rather fix what they broke and let the island go.  


Territorial Puerto Rico Flag

As the first territorial governor, Benovides founded a council of half Confederates and half Puerto Ricans so as to make sure that he would be able to get advice that took into account the needs of the locals, not just the people from his own country.  It helped that Benovides spoke Spanish natively as a Tejano, but one of his first actions was that English would be taught in the island and be a required subject in schools, so that students would be fluent by graduation.  Education was made a mixture of private religious schools and public government schools with a unique subscription model, where parents would pay only to send their children.  The government would pay for the construction and upkeep of the school, but everything else would be paid from the subscriptions.  He established the territorial flag of Puerto Rico, based on the Yares flag.  Soon, the Confederate Congress established a locally elected House of Representatives, while Congress would appoint the governor and the upper council.  In practice, Benovides gave Congress a number of recommendations on appointments which they often went with; he gave a list of Confederates and Puerto Ricans together so as to get a wide spectrum of ability to help govern the island.  The island's legal system also changed to conform to that of the Confederate States, becoming part of the Confederate States District Court of the Caribbean, and gaining a Supreme Court.  Benovides also recommended a location for a legislature for Puerto Rico, with a small wooden building built on the road that bears his name (Avenida Benovides, OTL: Avenida Munoz Rivera) today.

Benovides had also replaced the Spanish currency with the gold-backed Confederate Dollar, and recalled all Spanish coins to be melted down into Confederate silver coins.  To this day, Spanish Puerto Rican coins are a valuable collectible.  Benovides also made provisions for gradual emancipation of the roughly 43,000 black slaves on the island, using the Virginia model as a guide.  However, they were all taught English, rather than Spanish, and to this day, Puerto Rican blacks speak no Spanish, an element in the downfall of Spanish as the majority language of Puerto Rico.

After Benovides, Michael Philip Usina, a former Colonel in the Confederate States Navy, became the second governor in 1880.  He continued a number of Benovides's policies, and helped root out a lot of corruption present on the island, a legacy of the way Spain ruled the island.  The number of Confederates moving to the island also increased, and with them, came the growth of a number of settlements, not just San Juan, but other cities around the coasts like Ponce, Carolina, Bayamon, and others.  In ten years as a territory, the island added another 250,000 people, most of whom were Confederates from the mainland, both Hispanic and white.  

Some settlements on the island, similar to Carolina, were renamed to something more familiar to the newcomers.  Ponce became "Florida City" and Mayagüez became "Virginia City" because most of the people settling there came from Virginia.

The Territory of Puerto Rico then asked for statehood in 1894, but due to the fallout from a series of hurricanes, starting with the Hurricane San Magín (1891) in August of 1891, Hurricane San Roque in August of 1893, and one in October of 1894, the island was not able to work effectively on its petition, as the governor was more concerned with repairing the cities than statehood.  Rather than the small independence movement on the island, having twenty years within the Confederacy as a territory and the vast improvements in the condition of the people, along with the influx of mainland Confederates who wanted to remain in the Confederacy, the movement for statehood continued and submitted a constitution in early 1895, and it was granted as of April 26, 1895.

A change on the flag was to add the Polk Flag cross, with 23 stars, and the star for Puerto Rico in the upper left as the 24th state.

Puerto Rico State Flag

In preparation for statehood, starting in 1885, Puerto Rico created a legislature building on Avenida Benovides (OTL: Avenida Munoz Rivera), with a classically inspired building containing the island's future Senate and House of Representatives.



The growth of the island would result in an unused design's extra wings to be added onto the building above in 1922, finished in 1930.  The building itself was finished in 1894, a year before the island gained statehood, and flew the territorial flag and third national flag, as shown above, until the new state flag was created for the island state.  The roughly 1.1 million people in 1910 were made of about 390,000 mainlanders, the vast majority of which spoke English, transforming San Juan, Isabela, Corcovado, San Antonio, Aguada, Mayaguez, Tallaboa, Ponce, Santa Isabel, Salinas, Arroyo, Buena Vista, and Fajardo into largely English-speaking due to the influx of mainlanders, and the growth of businesses that had to deal with them, making English the language of economic advancement and empowerment, and English language acquisition in schools went up ten-fold.  English was seen as a prestige language, and while native Puerto Ricans would often speak it at home, from 1874-1904, it would diminish in usage from 100% of the native population to roughly 2/3 by 1910.  Islanders also began leaving the island, with those of more left-leaning politics traveling to New York City in the United States, calling themselves Nuyoricans by the 1940s.

Early Governors:
Santos Benovides (1874-1880); Lt. Gov. Ramón Emeterio Betances
Michael Philip Usina (1880-1886); Lt. Gov. Antonio Mattei Lluberas
Alexander Peter Steward (1886-1894); Lt. Gov. Luis Muñoz Rivera
Fernando Fernández (1894-1900), rum distiller and Confederate activist.  First native-born Puerto Rican governor; Lt. Gov. Antonio Mattei Lluberas
Juan Ríus Rivera (1900-1906), married socialite Elizabeth 

Working with native islanders, notably Betances, Rivera, and Lluberas, Governor Benovides established the University of Puerto Rico in 1876 in San Juan, with a first class of 80 students.  The Education in Puerto Rico Act (1876) also established the public school system for the island, and made English fluency mandatory for all students.  Despite this, the Confederates left most of the existing island culture alone, other than updating and upgrading buildings, streets, lighting, and so on, bringing more modern plumbing and water catchment to the island.  By 1902, electric lighting would be available in almost every major town along the coast of the island in most public buildings, and by 1924, in most private homes.

Healing the Divide Between North and South

In 1899, Confederate Brigadier General Alexander Bear spoke to a group of Union veterans in the spirit of understanding between the two nations, just one example of dozens of cross-border efforts by the South to reconcile with the north over lingering resentments.  He said:

Whatever may be the difference about the War and its causes, no brave or generous person can deny that it was made up of deeds of desperate valor, great military strategy, unparalleled endurance of hardship, and patriotic heroism on either side.  You, my friends, felt that republican government and liberty itself were gone if the Union of the States were dissolved.  The Southern soldier believed in the sovereign rights of the States and the Union with only certain delegated powers and guaranteed rights, and defended his home and his property from invasion.

The ardor with which both sides rallied around their respective flags and followed them through sacrifice, through danger and death, was equal, and proves their conscientious patriotism.  Each soldier who laid down his life on either side for his country thought that he died for a holy cause.  Both sides believed they were right.  Self-sacrifice unto death for what a man believes is heroism, and heroism that deserves immortality - yes, more than deserves it; carries immortality in his breast.  

It is given us now to see that high motives were not all ranged under one banner; that that sublime devotion that leads a man to leave wife and home and mother for the hardships of battle and the crown of death was displayed on both sides.  To underrate the courage, the endurance, and the heroism of the men who wore the gray is to dim the luster and tarnish the fame of the men who wore the blue.

Confederate Education from 1865-1900

From Massachusetts, the idea of a 'common school' for people ages 6-15 came down south after the war so that people could be educated and rebuild the South.  Until about 1874, everyone was educated together, meaning teachers, who were paid poorly, had to prepare multiple lessons for each age group, and the conditions of most of the schoolhouses were bare, cold in winter, and hot in summer.  Black schoolhouses were not much better, until 1874, when a group of men, led by veteran Lt. Gen. Thomas Johnathan Jackson gathered money to build a First Baptist Church-sponsored school for the black children with better insulation, a small dining hall, four separate classrooms, a teacher's common office, and an entrance hall.  Jackson believed that Virginia was not living up to its emancipation promises, which he viewed as their Christian duty to the freedmen.  He and his children helped build the wood/stone building and set its cornerstone.  In 1915, with President Jackson in attendance, the school changed its official name to the Stonewall Jackson Baptist School of Petersburg.

At the same time, the St. Luke's Episcopal Church in Richmond, with influence from President Breckinridge and several other former generals, decided to build a better, and larger school for the white children of Richmond, who were making do with one-room or private schooling as black Confederates were getting their own schoolhouses.  So in 1875, the St. Luke's Episcopal School opened its doors with 90 children and 8 teachers, with 1 administrator in 8 rooms on 2 floors.  

Concerned parents were worried over what their children were being taught, resulting in early textbook content standards and curriculum standards.  Marx was known to have been popular amongst many in the Union generalcy, with a strong anti-Christian and pro-Lincoln relationship, so many parents were calmed when the churches included the role of God in the founding of the US in 1776, and the CS in 1861, and its securing of independence in 1865, and the primacy of marriage, religion, traditional family values, and what would become known as Jeffersonian economic and political values, as the basis of a prosperous society, became integral parts of the curricula across the South, including writing, a strong emphasis on grammar, math, science, civics, and history.

The war for southern independence became known as the Confederate Revolution or the Second American Revolution, depending on the textbook, with the southern movement for independence based on the same general reasons as those of the colonists in 1776-1783. A lot of ink and type was sold with tales of lurid Union soldier war crimes, such as their attack on Jack Hinson's family, and the constitutional violations of Lincoln, ensuring that the first three generations of southern children knew exactly why they fought the war.  In contrast, up north, the northern texts tended to gloss over or mention in passing northern war crimes, justifying the war by saying they wanted to 'preserve the Union,' against southern 'fire-eaters' who wanted to break it up over minor issues, but still generally wrote they fought with honor so as to help smooth over relations and ensure southern markets remained open even with small tariffs.

Confederate Preservation of the Wisent

In Europe, two species of Bison, called the Wesend in English long ago.  After having won their independence, some Confederates got quite wealthy investing in railroads, imports, exports, and construction.  Having brought thousands of American bison into the Confederate West by Colonel Cleary and several of his friends, American Bison (B. b. bison) and Woods Bison (B. b. athabascae) thrived in ranches and pastures across the Trans-Mississippi Confederacy.  Wood bison were brought to ranches in Texas, Rio Grande, Washington, Durango, and Sonora, numbering over 65,000 by 1889.  American bison in the Confederacy numbered over 81,000 in ranches from Oklahoma west to California, and in Confederate National Parks.  By the 1940s there were over 150,000 of each.  Why so many?  Confederates, whether white, black, or Indian, used the bison for meat, fur, and the ground bones were useful for fertilizer, and demand made it profitable to have herds of the animals, in addition to cattle.  Advertisements during the war raised the profile of bison meat, asking Confederates to eat bison rather than cattle, saving them for the troops fighting for freedom overseas.

With the rising interest and demand for bison, and eager to profit from ranches, Confederates sought other similar animals, finding the European Bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) and Caucasian Bison (Bison bonasus caucasicus) in dwindling numbers in the various European kingdoms and the Russian Empire.  From Bialowitz Forest, several hundred were transported to Dixie starting in 1890, with the Caucasian Bison coming into Durango and California, with several dozen herds by 1900, and by 1940, over 50,000 Caucasion and 62,000 European Bison in several dozen herds, breeding for milk, leather, meat, and other uses.


European bison, saved by Confederate action


European bison in the state of Washington

With the importation of Eurasian Bison, the Confederates saved two more species from extinction.

US Education Goes National (1905)

Carnegie and Rockefeller began nationalizing things first with US education, in 1905. Rockefeller's investment manager, Frederick Gates came up with the General Education Board (GEB), at a cost of $129 million. In Gates's own words, the GEB's purpose:

"In our dreams, we have limitless resources and the people yield themselves with perfect docility to our molding hands. The present educational conventions fade from their minds, and unhampered by tradition, we work our own good will upon a grateful and responsive rural folk. We shall not try to make these people or any of their children into philosophers or men of learning, or men of science.

We have not to raise up from among them authors, editors, poets, or men of letters. We shall not search for embryo great artists, painters, musicians nor lawyers, doctors, preachers, politicians, statesmen, of whom we have an ample supply.

The task we set before ourselves is very simple as well as a very beautiful one, to train these people as we find them to a perfectly ideal life just where they are. So we will organize our children and teach them to do in a perfect way the things their fathers and mothers are doing in an imperfect way, in the homes, in the shops, and on the farm."

The GEB decided for the black US population that they should only receive vocational training, as the GEB believed that black Americans were "inferior to whites" and therefore were "ill-equipped to meet academic challenges."  Gates himself wrote that "Latin, Greek, and metaphysics form a kind of knowledge that I fear with our colored brethren tend to puff up rather than build up." (real quote from "Chapters in My Life", 1977).

With the GEB working together with the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT), a standardized curriculum was developed along with standardized textbooks for all American children, and began to be released to the public, though not without public outcry against it.  By 1914, the National Education Association (NEA) passed a resolution saying "We view with alarm the activity of the Carnegie and Rockefeller Foundations - agencies not in any way responsible to the people - in their efforts to control the policies of our State educational institutions, to fashion after their conception and to standardize our courses of study, and to surround the institutions with conditions which menace true academic freedom and defeat the primary purpose of democracy as heretofore preserved inviolate in our common schools, normal schools, and universities."

Money could buy silence or acquiescence, and could ensure that 'troublesome' people could be fired or cowed into silence.  Education became something for corporations and the rich to use to mold people into good workers in their factories to fuel their own profits and wealth, rather than something to improve the lives of the people.

In 1910, the Flexner Report was released, funded by Carnegie and Rockefeller money, and written by Abraham Flexner.  He was not a doctor, medical expert, or a teacher.  Abraham was a son of German immigrants who had settled in Louisville, Kentucky, but left in 1865 for Cincinnati, Ohio, to remain in the USA, where Flexner was born in 1866.  His report was scathing in the result of the hundred or so schools he visited in the US, Canada, and even in the Confederate States, saying they had little training in anatomy, practice in dissection, and no standardized curricula between them to establish a baseline.  The Rockefeller Foundation, as a result of the report, would 'donate' money in exchange for a 'say' in the curricula and placing one or more of their own men on the boards of directors so they could see how their money was spent and 'guide' the curricula in their own ends.  

As a result of the report, training in anatomy and physiology did improve, but on the negative side, all but two historically black colleges in the US were closed due to Flexner, and no black doctors were trained for over 50 years, resulting in a situation where to 2021, there were still few black doctors.  His report recommended that black doctors treat only black patients and black doctors be placed in a position subordinate to white doctors.

While many in the CS ridiculed the report, after it was read and digested, medical schools did implement a number of changes to medical school training across the states, such as: medical schools would be part of a university, rather than independent; schools would have at least a 6 year program; schools would have training in anatomy, physiology; doctors would adhere to the scientific method in practice and in research; businesses and foundations would be forbidden to fund research or schools designed to sway outcomes; existing cures and treatments would be subjected to the scientific method with large sample sets to prove or disprove their effectiveness.

Various folk remedies were found to have no basis in fact, and some were more harmful than helpful, while some plants, like hemp and cannabis, were shown to improve a number of medical conditions.  This would lead to a growing trend in the Confederate States for researchers and scientists to look into leaves, seeds, flowers, pollens, and fruits for their roles in human health, be it vitamins, minerals, or compounds the body could use to heal.  Things such as local raw honey helping reduce allergies became proven fact.

Federal Reserve

North in the United States, there was a banking panic later called the Panic of 1907.  But it wasn't a natural event.  It was staged.  

Banking had changed over the years.  The Gold Standard Act of 1900 had made gold money, with silver relegated to being subsidiary, just for coins.  Then came the Fowler Bill of 1902 with 3 clauses - (1) further expansion of national bank notes, basing them on other assets than government bonds; (2) national banks could open branches at home and abroad, which was currently illegal due to the smaller bankers' opposition, and (3) a three-member control board was created in the Treasury Department to supervise creating new bank notes.  This was designed as a first step to the re-establishment of a new central bank for the United States, gone since Jackson claimed credit for killing the bank.

The opposition of small bankers to (2) meant the Fowler Bill failed in Congress, but the larger bankers were determined.  Senator Aldrich of Rhode Island, a Republican and Rockefeller man, proposed a bill for just the national banks in New York to be able to issue 'emergency currency' to be based on railroad and municipal bonds, but this failed also.

The Panic of 1907 meant that major banks in New York and Chicago were allowed to suspend specie payments, while continuing to operate, meaning that they did not have to fulfill their contractual obligation to redeem bank notes for gold.  The thing is, the panic was created by the Treasury by its stimulation of inflation.  But the Treasury could not prevent people from demanding cash for the bank notes and the deposits, which were growing increasingly shaky.  The panic had the desired effect, swaying banker and businessmen opinions to favoring a new central bank, which would be able to regulate the economy and serve as a lender of last resort, that is, to bail out banks when they got into trouble, instead of allowing the market to correct itself.  Now the "reformers" had a two-part task - to figure the details of the new central bank, and to build public opinion to support it.

In the United States, there was a growing alliance between those in academia and those in the power elite unlike in the Confederate States.  Two particular organizations were very useful for this - the American Academy of Political and Social Science (AAPSS) in Philadelphia, and the Academy of Political Science (APS) of Columbia University - both of which had leading corporate businessmen, attorney, academics, and financiers among their alumni and faculty.

The two groups held three symposiums in the winter of 1907 calling for a new central bank, thereby spreading the message of creating a new central bank to a select group of the elites.  One of the elites present, Professor E.R.A. Seligman, who organized the conference, believed the Panic of 1907 had been moderated by the growth of industrial trusts, which gave a more controlled and "more correct adjustment of present investment to future needs" than would a horde of small competitors.  Seligman believed that those small competitors in currency and banking were a problem, not a safety valve to keep bigger players honest.  He disliked that the banking system of the United States was still decentralized.  He said "Even more important than the inelasticity of our note issue is its decentralization. The struggle which has been victoriously fought out everywhere else [in creating trusts] must be undertaken here in earnest and with vigor."

Another man who spoke was Frank Vanderlip, who called the Panic of 1907 one of the greatest calamities of history, being the result of the decentralization and competitive nature of the American banking system, with its 15,000 or so banks all across the north.  He believed that the US must change to follow the lead of other nations, which have a central bank that could create an elastic currency system.  Said differently, he said that the United States needed to abandon a free and competitive market and replace it with centralized government control.

Numbers of other speakers said the same thing in different words, including the last speaker, Paull Warburg, who lectured the audience on the superiority of centralized European banking over decentralized American banking, saying that "small banks constitute a danger."

About the same time, Senator Nelson Aldrich, a Republican from Rhode Island and head of the Senate Finance Committee, and father in law of John Rockefeller, Jr, introduced the Aldrich Bill, which eventually became the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908, about how national banks could issue emergency currency, and established a National Monetary Commission to investigate a comprehensive banking reform.  The NMC's recommendations were of course pre-determined, given who was on it and who placed them there.  Aldrich placed most of the staff there, and determined it would be run as an alliance of Rockefeller and Morgan people to work out the specifics of where they were going to go.

The NMC toured Europe to investigate how they ran their central banks.  The issue during the investigations is that one of the leading bankers helping the commission, James Forgan, who didn't object to a central bank, but realized he was already doing some of the same things a central bank would do and didn't want to stop doing so.  He liked the power it gave him.  So the President of the American Bankers Association, George Reynolds, assured him that if they did create a new central bank, it would be a depository for the reserves only of the large national banks in the central reserve cities, and the national banks would still hold the deposits for the country banks.  Learning from this, the people working with Aldrich realized they needed to advertise the new central bank as being decentralized, as despite the pesky Confederates no longer being in the country, the midwest and west were still very tied to their states and needed to believe that the new central bank was not that very thing.  They advertised 'regional banking districts' which would then be under the control of a central bank board, so that notes would be issued by the regional banks, but in fact, they would be controlled by the central bank.

Proponents were careful to make sure that this new central bank not be called a central bank, and that the governing board of this new "reserve bank" be chosen by government officials, merchants, and bankers.  They believed that a free and self-regulating market was now obsolete and the market needed to be controlled by the scientific and intelligent experts who knew better how to regulate the market for money.

With the public propaganda campaign and more conferences, Senator Aldrich believed it was now time to go work out a plan with several leaders of the financial elite.  So they convened, starting in New Jersey, on private railroad cars, and headed to the remote and small city of Green Bay, Wisconsin, with an island off the bay with a large resort in it where many rich and powerful elites would vacation.  The meeting was arranged by J.P. Morgan, with the cover story that it was just a duck-hunting mission.  Attendees called each other by first names only, and worked hard to keep the meeting's true purpose a secret.  The members of the meeting worked for a week to come up with the plan which eventually became the Aldrich Bill, with Paul Warburg contributing the image of decentralization to make the plan more politically palatable.  The meeting had two Rockefeller men, two Morgan men, and a Kuhn/Loeb person meeting there to hammer out the details.  The plan was presented to the NMC in January 1911, but it was held from Congress, since the Democrats had won Congress in 1910, and would need to be convinced to back the bill.

The next two years were spent winning over bankers and congressmen into letting government allow bankers to form a cartel to control the money supply. Finally, late at night in December, just before Christmas, the Aldrich Bill, now called the Glass Bill, passed, and President Wilson signed it.

In contrast, the Confederate States still kept their state banks, and never centralized their banking or note issuance.  Vigorous competition in banks in the Confederacy, and vigorous loyalty to their states kept the banking industry from gaining a cartel over issuing banknotes and inflating the money supply.  Competition between states and banks meant that most banks had to keep honest or they would lose their deposits.

Black Votes in the Confederate States

Voting was a state issue in the CSA, aside from the ban on foreigners voting in the Constitution.  But some states allowed black voting, like Virginia, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Tennessee, while others banned it, like Georgia, South Carolina, Mississippi, and Alabama.  Veterans of the war who had moved from one state where they voted, were denied the vote in another, despite their veteran status legally being qualification enough to vote.

Decades of progress were coming to a head.  Some white southerners said that the blacks were 'getting uppity,' while others said that independence was won with their help, and they'd proven they were capable enough to have earned the right to vote.  A court case, Nelson vs. Mississippi, where Charles Andrew Nelson, a black Louisianan, had moved to Mississippi and voted, and was arrested.  He sued, and it made it to the state Supreme Court, where he lost the appeal, as it was state law that blacks couldn't vote.  Nelson had served in the War for Southern Independence with General Cleburne, and in the Spanish-Confederate War, so he argued his veteran status and the federal Emancipation Bill and Amendment overruled the state law.

In accordance with the Third Amendment preventing Supreme Court appeals of state court decisions, the Supreme Court declined to hear the case, causing an uproar in a number of states, and editorials that it should be decided one way or another, if the Supreme Court won't hear the case.  There was a mounting tension, as some in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina mused that they should secede, while others said they just need to wait it out and it'll blow over.  In the interim they also banned black citizens from holding office in their states so as to prevent them from using state office to try to allow other blacks to vote.

But in accordance with the Constitution, Virginia, Tennessee, and Louisiana proposed an amendment to allow black voting nationwide:

1. The right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude by any Confederate State.

2. The right to hold office shall not be denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude by any Confederate State.

3. Congress shall have the right to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The three states proposed and passed the amendment in 1894, and over the next two years, the four states dug their heels in against it, new officials demagoguing on preventing blacks from voting and holding office, vowing not to pass the amendment.  Newspapers in the north gleefully looked on the South, speculating breathlessly on the break-up of the Confederacy, and the states' return to the United States and what that would mean for the US and their businesses buying up southern property on the cheap.  The debate for and against the measure was heated in various newspapers, with many letters to the editor being printed on both sides.  

After the passage of the amendment in Texas, Louisiana, and Virginia, the votes for increased to 13 in 1894, with 7 against:
For: Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Rio Grande, New Mexico, Cuba, Hawaii, Arizona, Washington
Against: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Oklahoma, California

As of 1894, the amendment was deadlocked, and some of the most ardent opponents were celebrating a little too early.  In 1895, Durango, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Sonora joined the Confederation, providing two more votes for, and two against, until the state of Jefferson, the southwestern-most state, joined and voted for the amendment.  Again, a deadlock, until Florida changed its vote, providing the necessary 2/3 of states to pass the amendment.

Again, there were loud cries from Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina from the hardliners, but many were voted out of office by the newly re-enfranchised black voters in the 1896 elections.  While the amendment was faithfully applied in most states and in many counties of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina, there were measures that prevented black votes in some counties and for a number of state offices that still denied black voters their rights, under the banner of 'states rights,' while the law made exemptions that were worded to allow whites to vote, but not blacks.

Confederate Health Care Developments

The germ theory of Pasteur was a revolution in health care, with the realization that diseases weren't caused by 'humors' or 'miasma' or other random reasons.  Microscopes trended in labs, with new bacteria reported in southern labs practically every week in various scientific publications.  Coinciding with these discoveries were reports of tests of various possible cures against the new germs they found.  Plants like saw palmetto, pine needles, rosemary (in tea form where its rosmarinic acid is more concentrated), and black cumin seed oils were tested against a large number of conditions and diseases in laboratories.  Many old 'snake oil' remedies were disproven, and over the course of the teens and 1920s, some old 'grandma's cures' were proven to be sound medicine, despite the scoffing of northern Rockefeller-funded and trained doctors using oil-derived vitamins and drugs.  While Southern businesses couldn't patent unique drugs like northerners, they could market formulations and tinctures like shikimic acid, a derivative of pine needles, fennel seeds, or star anise, as an easy remedy for the common flu, marketed as 'DeciFlu', becoming one of the most popular flu cures across the Confederacy, as opposed to the US-based flu vaccine; southerners were hesitant to trust Yankees by and large, given the treatment in the PoW camps under Lincoln, despite their recent cooperation in the war, they were still wary to trust them with their health.  And pine trees were abundant, so it was easy to take some pine needles, boil them with some water and some vodka, and drink the resulting concoction.  As a result, there really was no 'flu epidemic' in the Confederacy, and with it being common knowledge how to cure it with pine needles, almost no one ever took a flu vaccine in the South.  Plant-derived medicines became the norm, with the scientists discovering new ways to use old remedies becoming famous.

Income Taxes

In the United States, the Pollock case ruled that the Income Tax was illegal, and the progressives in the United States thought tariffs unfairly taxed the poor, while an income tax could shift the burden on the wealthier.  Western states supported the measure more, while eastern states opposed it.  The environment surrounding the creation of a central bank, the Federal Reserve, also proved favorable to an income tax.  Inflation was high, and the people began voting in more left-leaning Democrats and Socialists.  By 1913, the amendment passed, becoming the 17th amendment to the US Constitution.

Additionally, the US passed the 18th amendment, allowing direct election of senators, to resolve the issue of electoral deadlocks in the state legislatures, and people buying senate seats.  The Confederate States, however, experienced an issue with senators and representatives serving a long time in both houses, making it difficult for people to make change in the system, and they came up with a more novel solution, the Confederate 13th amendment:

1. No amendment shall change the method of selection of Senators to direct election by the people in the several states. State legislatures shall elect Senators by a majority of their members in accordance with state law.
  When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies which shall continue until the next session of the legislature shall fill the seat in accordance with State law.
2. No person who shall be a candidate for Senate from any state shall attempt to gain office through exchange of any thing of value, be it money, property, votes, or favorable legislation or through the commission of any crime.

3. The people of the several states shall have the right to recall a senator or representative from office by petition in accordance with state law, 60 days after a general election shall have taken place, or 150 days prior to an election, if such person is recalled by a majority of those voting. Any senator or representative removed by petition shall no longer be eligible for that office until the next election and immediately vacate the office if successfully recalled on the date of certification of that vote; any senator or representative not removed from office shall not face petition again until the next general election shall have intervened. Only citizens of a state shall vote within a recall election, which shall occur within two weeks of a petition being certified by the appropriate state authority, having twenty percent of the number of legally cast votes in the most recent Presidential election as signatures to require such recall election.
4. No citizen shall serve more than 18 years in either the Senate, House, or both. Upon ratification, any person whose length of service shall exceed 18 years shall be ineligible to continue in the Congress past the next election.
5. No amendment shall abolish the electoral college, nor shall the votes of any state go to the winner of the national popular vote instead of the winner of the majority of votes of the state for President and Vice President in accordance with state law.

With this amendment, the Confederates solved several problems for themselves.  They preserved their State representation in the Senate, rather than turning it into another 100 representatives, and also preserved the electoral college due to some rumblings for a nationwide popular vote.  It term limited Congress to 18 years in total.  Finally, the amendment allowed people to recall Senators or Representatives, and prevented the recall from being abused by people who had simple political difference.

The Confederate 11th amendment was passed a few years before:

The right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude by any Confederate State.  
  
This passed in 1896, though most Confederate States had already ensured the right to vote, and the legislatures balked at this perceived nationalization of voting qualifications.  Various states passed laws despite this amendment, notably California, Georgia, South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, that interfered with the voting of racial minorities to protect their own voting power, under the cries of nationalization of voting by this amendment.  Based on this amendment, Ling vs. California came to the Supreme Court, where a naturalized Chinese Confederate was prohibited from voting by state law, which was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.  

California was outraged by this, and nullified the court ruling in 1905 when it came out; North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Rio Grande also nullified the ruling, along with Cuba and Puerto Rico, but the nullification failed to get the require threshold within 24 months of the ruling, so it stood, and by 1907, states were no longer able to restrict voting based on race in the Confederate States.  Cuba wanted to prevent the federal government from gaining power like Spain held over them, and it was preventing some of its own former slaves from voting, as was Puerto Rico and Oklahoma.  North Carolina joined with South Carolina against the ruling, but failed to see the threshold reached.  Despite this, intimidation tactics were used that did diminish the ability of a number of blacks to vote.

Canada (1865-1915)

There was a very real sense of the possibility of invasion from the United States into Canada during the war, and there were even feelers from the US to the CS to invade Canada and Mexico together to take land for themselves, the letters of which are in the Canada National Museum of History.  Queen Victoria's government felt that Canada's division into east and west resulted in too large a territory to be adequately defended from the United States in the event of invasion, and it was felt that Lincoln's America might look north as a result of their help to the Confederates.


In 1867, Canada became a Confederation with Nova Scotia, Canada, and New Brunswick merging together.  This Confederation then split Quebec along the Saguenay River to Lake Saint-Jean, a meteor impact crater lake, along its westernmost north-flowing river to the edge of 'Canada', into east and west Quebec, and the western Canada became Ottawa south of Lake Nipissing, the rest becoming Nipigon Territory.  In 1870, these provinces gained Rupert's Land and the Northwestern Territories from the United Kingdom, and British Columbia and Vancouver Island in 1871, with the province of Manitoba being created in 1873 around the city of Winnipeg.  Calgary was founded in 1875, and Regina in 1883, and the capital in Ottawa City decided that those cities would be better separated into provinces to develop the resources.  

British Columbia and Vancouver Island joined Canada as separate provinces, and Ottawa City chose, with a heavy suggestion from London, to divide the western lands into smaller provinces for defensive purposes.  So BC was made 3° in height, from the 49th to 52nd parallel North, and this line continued eastward till it joined with the northerly line coming from the Ottawa River.  The remainder of British Columbia was named as 'North Cumberland Province.'  Manitoba Province (1873) became the land between the 49th and 52nd from 100 W east to the 93rd parallel west.  This was later extended to a southeastern line to Lake Nipigon, and thence along the Nipigon River out to the Great Lakes.  The same year (1873), Prince Edward Island became a province itself.

London and Ottawa City created the districts of Alberta in 1881 (49 to 52 N, and from the edge of British Columbia to 107 W), and Saskatchewan (49 N to 52 N, 107 W to 100 W) around the major cities developing there along the Trans-Canadian Railroad.  Above those were the districts of New Albany, for Prince Leopold, the Duke of Albany, its capital at Edmonton, and Athabasca, with the area north of Ottawa Province becoming Ontario, and north of that the Hudson Territory.

Canada began developing westward with a land boom bringing thousands of British and with their newfound friendship with Kaiser Frederick III, many Germans left for Canada, in addition to their African colonies, building the vast railroads and railroad hotels, and new cities, with Edmonton, NA, Prince Albert, AT, Calgary, Regina, and Winnipeg becoming boom towns, and new farms and pastures being raised across the western provinces.

American Statistics to 1900

After the end of the War for Southern Independence, the United States had lost 12 states and several territories, but had to pick up the economic pieces.  In so doing, they settled the west, built railroads, cleared the land of Indians, and settled the west to extract its resources.  Despite the loss of the South, the US economy, with its growing population, economic base, industrial capacity, and need for bodies to fill jobs, grew remarkably during the 19th century.

GDP
1860 $4,387,000,000 (over a total population of 31.4 million, including the South); without the south: $2,994,639,829
1870 $5,592,734,753
1880 $7,377,612,542
1890 $10,815,293,471
1900 $14,590,014,163

Government Revenue, decades
1860 $64,600,000; without the South: $44,097,044
1870 $307,915,414
1880 $258,660,704
1890 $329,652,247
1900 $470,455,238

The 1912 US Presidential Election

In the United States, while Confederate President Thomas Jackson had been President for some time, four opponents vied for the Presidency.  Woodrow Wilson, whose family had left Virginia in 1865 for Baltimore after the war, ran as a Democrat.  He was the only academic to ever get elected President.  He wrote 69 volumes of work, though four main books would describe his view of government - Congressional Government (1885), The State (1889), Constitutional Government (1908), and The New Freedom (1913).  Wilson would be quoted as saying "The President is at liberty, both in law and in conscience, to be as big a man as he can be."

Wilson and Roosevelt had largely similar views on an interventionist central government.  Roosevelt called it a "New Nationalism," with a strong federal role for regulating the economy and punishing bad corporations, along with social insurance programs, and 8-hour workdays.  Wilson's "New Freedom" called for tariff reforms, banking reforms, and a new antitrust law.  Taft had just passed a raised tariff against the west and northwest's growing resistance to such measures, so once Roosevelt got into the race, he didn't believe he would have much of a chance for victory, campaigning with a subdued "progressive conservatism."  Eugene Debs came in as an out-and-out socialist, claiming the other three candidates were financed by trusts (big business) and he wasn't.

Wilson won 260 to Roosevelt's 88, with Taft earning 8 electoral votes.  Wilson did manage to earn 4,560,554 votes to Roosevelt's 3,622,488, closer than the Electoral College would lead the casual observer to believe.

Wilson himself was a eugenicist, a popular fad amongst the elite, and campaigned in Indiana for compulsory sterilization of criminals and the mentally retarded back in 1907.  While governor of New Jersey, he signed a bill for compulsory sterilization.

Wilson's Presidency to 1915

Wilson was the first president to hold the Constitution in disdain openly, saying "The divine right of kings never ran a more preposterous course than did this unquestioned prerogative of the Constitution to receive universal homage."  Back in 1876, he wrote "The American Republic will in my opinion never celebrate another Centennial.  At least under the present Constitution and laws.*"

*Direct quotes of Wilson.

He continued, "This present Constitution barely survived the War between the States, and should in my estimation be either rewritten or amended so as to strengthen the national government beyond the ability of the states to destroy it by secession."*

*Not a quote of his, made up for the purpose of this timeline.

President Wilson's views on the State (government) were influenced by Georg W. F. Hegel, a German philospher most responsible for modern state-worship and moral relativism and the main inspiration for Karl Marx.  For Wilson, the State would be the agent of Progress (replacing Divine Providence), taking the place of God in human affairs because the State itself would become godlike in its attributes.  Aside from Hegel, Wilson was influenced by Darwin, a British scientist who wrote On the Origin of Species, giving him a scientific justification for his racism, his belief that there were superior and inferior races.  For Wilson, superior races were those with a 'modern spirit,' as he said, "Other races have developed so much more slowly, and accomplished so much less."  His book Congressional Government goes on to call the separation of powers a "grievous mistake," and a "folly," whereas the Founders intentionally put those separations to prevent monopolization of power and to have a check on corruption.  

He continued criticizing the Constitution for not conforming to his idea of Darwinian realities: "The government of the United States was constructed upon the Whig theory of political dynamics, which was a sort of unconscious copy of the Newtonian theory of the universe.  In our own day, whenever we discuss the structure or development of anything, whether in nature or in society, we consciously or unconsciously follow Mr. Darwin...The trouble with (Newtonian) theory is that government is not a machine but a living thing...Living political constitutions must be Darwinian in structure and in practice."

He added, "No living thing can have its organs offset against each other as checks, and survive...You cannot compound a successful government out of antagonisms."  He concluded, "All that Progressives ask or desire is permission...to interpret the Constitution according to the Darwinian principle."  
Wilson advocated interpreting the Constitution as an organic, evolving document, rather than with the Founders' original intent, because amending was difficult, but interpreting was easy.  He openly called for "Wresting the Constitution to strange and as yet unimagined uses," and added "As the life of the nation changes so must the interpretation of the document which contains it change, by a nice adjustment, determined, not by the original intent of those who drew the paper, but by the exigencies and the new aspects of life itself."  In other words, you could reinterpret the document daily to mean different things as the situation changed.  He said something to that effect regarding the Supreme Court, "The explicitly granted power of the Constitution are what they always were; but the powers drawn from it by implication have grown and multiplied beyond all expectation, and each generation of statesmen looks to the Supreme Court to supply the interpretation which will serve the needs of the day."

Under Wilson's and other Progressives' Darwinian believe in a changeable human nature, they believed that "Progress" could yield a constant improvement in human nature and in human affairs, and so government and political institutions must deliver that Progress.  He believed in government having a larger role in life to preserve freedom, opposite of the Founders, who believed that limiting government increased personal liberty, which he wrote about in The New Freedom.  Freedom was not just about being left alone, it was the government being powerful enough for them to find positive fulfillment in life.  Wilson also believed in ignoring the preface to the Declaration of Independence, which spoke of inalienable rights, saying, "There is no universal law, but for each nation a law of its own which bears evident marks of having been developed along with its national character, which mirrors the special life of the particular people whose political and social judgments it embodies."

His views on the Presidency were quite new for the day:
"A president whom (the country) trusts cannot only lead it, but shape it to his own views."  This contrasts to the vision of the Founders, where Congress was to reflect and express American popular opinion, and shape the nation's direction.
"Leadership does not always wear the harness of compromise...Resistance is left to the minority, and such as will not be convinced are crushed." From an essay, "Leaders of Men," his vision would inspire future Presidents and European leaders.  He continued, "Men are as clay in the hands of the consummate leader...A (true leader) uses the masses (like tools).  He must inflame their passions with little heed for the facts.  Men are as clay in the hands of the consummate leader."

"A nation is led by a man who...speaks, not the rumors of the street, but a new principle for a new age; a man whose ears the voices of the nation do not sound like the accidental and discordant notes that come from the voice of a mob, but concurrent and concordant like the united voices of a chorus, whose many meanings, spoken by melodious tongues, unite in his understanding in a single meaning and reveal to him a single vision, so that he can speak what no man else knows, the common meaning of the common voice."  Wilson also believed in 'solving' political questions through an insulated bureaucratic state immune from elections, believing that a feature of progress, not a bug.

Upon entering office, Wilson reversed some of the racial progress that had been in place since the post-war era.  Grant did desegregate the civil service, while leaving DC itself segregated.  Wilson, however segregated the federal government the day of his inauguration.

In 1914, Wilson sent the Army in to Colorado to resolve a labor dispute, holding American citizens in military custody without habeas corpus, much like Lincoln, though without the cover of a war to necessitate it.

One thing that he did that caused a furor was his screening of "New Birth of Freedom," a film about Lincoln and the Union Leagues, which were a violent anti-black secret society that Grant had to tamp down in his terms after the war.  W.E.B. DuBois, a northern civil rights activist, called him a racist.  In response in an article in the New York Times, Wilson said, "If the colored people made a mistake in voting for me, they ought to correct it."

While Grant was at the time seen as a good President, turn-of-the-century historians viewed him in a more critical light, calling his attempts to integrate black Union veterans a mistake, as many historians had viewed the black Union veteran as one of the main reasons the Union lost the war.  Under this mistaken belief, Wilson instituted segregated federal departments, and continued the segregated armed forces policies of his predecessors.