The Filipino American War as seen by diarists in real time with some additional commentary and sourc

Platted in a.m. until 10 when I took road to Palace. Took dinner with Senor Y Senora Rivera, who are very well fixed. Dinner consisted of soup, fish –fried, rice and peanut bread, fried chicken brown gravy –fried bananas, sweet breads & candies –wine, vino tinto dulce; fruits &c &c. Coffee was served in another room with cigars. Told me great tales of Spanish cruelty and hunts for alligators, snakes & baboons. Senor is a doctor medicine. Home all p.m. & eve. Senor Rivera lives at #14 Calle Looban.

Manila, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

Cool weather comparatively cloudy. Feeling run down I have kept quiet the past 2 or 3 days. Remained home during the forenoon. Cooked breakfast and supper – washed dishes.

Wrote copy for the War Cry – my experiences. Also did some reading in Winchell’s Geology. Days fly so swiftly that one marvels at the little accomplished.

After dinner visited the post office, no mail. Also called at No. 4 Elizondo Calle, Quiapo, to see Senor J. Arevalo, a dentist, the gentleman – a mestizo – who asked me for a bible on the Cavite ferry. Today was some kind of a Spanish holiday, stores were closed & business to a large extent suspended. I did not get to see Arevalo. Would like much to see him converted thro’ the power of Christ.

Rev. & Mrs. Chas Owens have been out on the bay today. Returning home this evening they brought word that they heard women & children will probably be removed either inside the walls of Old Manila or else out to transports in the bay. It is feared there will be an uprising of natives in Manila. These rumors are disquieting to both soldiers and civilians. My trust is in God. He is my refuge in time of trouble.

The 1st California troops are still lying in the bay on 6 small steamers. This regiment disgraced itself the night of embarkation. Whole companies, including noncommissioned & commissioned officers were drunk, said Rev. Owens & swearing & fighting among themselves. I saw salons filled with them – drinking & swearing. A Filipino referring to their conduct remarked that America sent its worst representatives & not its best for the natives to consider.

After dark held the usual weekly holiness meeting in No. 2. Audience 12, I was agreeably surprised to see so many. The troops are kept close to or inside their barracks awaiting developments.

Sent out War Crys for force distribution: 1st Tennessee Vols. Inf. 11 No 572, 6 No. 573 & 3 No. 574. 20th Kansas Vol. Inf., 3 No. 572, 1 No. 573 & 6 No. 574. Washington Vol. Inf., 20 No. 572, 3 No. 573 & 3 No. 574.

We now have pleasant weather, more steady and therefore less sickness according to the reports. We are going through our regular routine of duty with eight men on guard and three on outpost. Although many rumors are afloat, everything is quiet on the line but a close watch is kept constantly. Most of the regiments are increasing their outposts. Also, batteries are moving some of their guns on the lines. There are only nine on the sick list now. No report from the small pox cases in.

Laid around all a.m. & in p.m. at 4, the boys sung at a funeral of a steward of the reserve hospital, in Paco Cemetery. Sung at evening meeting led by Chaplain Thompson, then went to Filipino Theater and sung in two main numbers for monument to fallen heroes at Manila. Theater has dirt floor –dress circle with matting, chairs & in rear the gallery, with benches & fair stage, good crowd, saw George Dewey and Gen. Otis, as well as two or three brig’s Gen’s and several (2) American ladies. Serenaded one on way home by Ponte [Puente] de Ayala, then via Calle Marquez [Marques] de Comillas, home, late, had bath.

Manila, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

All day clouds covered the sky. Gloomy weather. A light, slow rain fell at one time.

Cooked dinner for myself and Private Clayton Scott. Before dinner however he went for me out to the outskirts of Malate to try if possible to arrange for a meeting in the Luciana Cable station. Fell through. He learned that the North Dacota infantry were in the trenches & were fixing the Polverin de San Antonio Abad fortress in order for the expected Filipino attack. The sentry would not allow him in the fort.^1

Breakfast I took with Rev. & Mrs. Owens & supper with Scott with in a Chinese restaurant facing Binondo plaza. He paid for the meals.

I remained at home all day & passed the time reading & in conversation with comrades. Prayed with them several times. Salvationists (3d artillery) and church-Christians appeared today for a few brief hours. Had to be in their barracks by “retreat”. Have been kept in their prison almost a week. Their quarters were their prison – Cuartel Meisig.

Visitors 12.

I expected no one at night but was originally surprised because the dear Lord gave me an audience of 8 soldiers, praise His name. The American army at present is in an extraordinary position. War with the Filipinos is imminent; it is as good as already declared. Caromata & quilez drivers have left town & these vehicles are becoming scarce on the streets. Clerks have also left the stores during the past few days & there has been a general exodus of men to the Insurrecto lines. I am breathing freer on that account. I feared they would rise inside Manila & a number of Americans be killed before they could get off the streets into places of shelter.

With the Filipino fighters outside the city in a body that way will be plain as how best to deal with them. The prospect of what is in store for them moves my heart to pity. I feel they will be like so many children before our troops & will be astonished at the outcome, which is evidently foreign to their expectations at this juncture.

One of the Filipino men down stairs is troubled with hemorrhage of the lungs. Rev. & Mrs. Owens are waiting on him. I gave them a pot of extract of beef to make beef-tea for him. He was formerly a Spanish soldier. While in their army, some Spaniard struck him a blow which brought on the trouble.

Gave to a 2d Oregon comrade tonight for distribution, 2 copies No. 572 S.F. War Cry; 7 No. 573 & 1 No. 574.

to try if possible to arrange for a meeting in the Luciana Cable station.

No Medals for Scouts

By Carole Butcher

Published June 9, 2022 at 7:04 PM CDT

5/17/2016:

The First North Dakota Volunteer Infantry played a crucial role in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War that followed. Eighteen out of twenty-five members of the unit known as Young’s Scouts came from North Dakota. While virtually unknown today, the Scouts were hailed as heroes in their day. They won fame for their absolute fearlessness in the face of enemy fire. The Grand Forks Herald noted that “No similar body of men in the Philippines performed more heroic acts or with greater valor than did the members of Young’s scouts.” So, it is no wonder why on this date in 1904, North Dakotans were outraged at the news coming out of Washington. There would be no medals for the Scouts.

There was no shortage of praise for the Scouts. Their commander, General Henry Ware Lawton, declared that they were superior to any unit he had ever commanded. In one engagement, the Scouts charged 350 enemy soldiers and drove them off. In another, they routed 200 enemy soldiers. In their most famous action, the enemy had set a bridge on fire to prevent the Americans from crossing a river. The Scouts faced an overwhelming force as they saved the bridge and held it until reinforcements arrived.

The newspaper asserted that, had General Lawton lived, he most certainly would have seen that his scouts were properly recognized for their heroism. But Lawton had been killed in the Philippines. The Scouts did, however, have an advocate. North Dakota Senator Henry C. Hansbrough had been lobbying on their behalf for two years. In 1902, Hansbrough introduced a bill directing the Secretary of War to issue the medals. But the Secretary was able to convince enough Congressmen to oppose the measure, and it never became law. Hansbrough was undeterred. On May 6, 1904, he personally delivered a letter to the Secretary of War. He noted that the defense appropriation bill contained a provision authorizing the awarding of medals to non-commissioned officers and enlisted men who distinguished themselves in action.

Hansbrough dogged efforts finally paid off when eleven Scouts from North Dakota were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor on March 3rd, 1906.

Dakota Datebook written by Carole Butcher

Sources:

Grand Forks Herald. “No Medals for Scouts.” 17 May, 1904
Cooper, Jerry with Glenn Smith. Citizens as Soldiers: A History of the North Dakota National Guard.” Fargo, ND: Institute of Regional Studies, 1986.
Durand, John. Young’s Scouts: A Complete History. Elkhorn, WI: Puzzlebox Press, 2004.
Linn, Brian McAllister. The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902. Kansas City: University Press of Kansas, 2000.

Alexander Louden Recalls his Service

with the

1st North Dakota Volunteer Infantry

Contributed by Linda Miller; Unit history by Patrick McSherry

General:

The account below is that of Alexander H. Louden, who served with the 1st North Dakota Volunteer Infantry in the Philippines during the Spanish American War. The regiment arrived in the Philippines less than a week before the battle for Manila, and would remain there after the war ended on December 10, 1898. After the Philippine American War broke out on February 4, 1899, the 1st North Dakota took part in that conflict also.

Sgt. Louden of Bathgate, North Dakota was an officer in the State penitentiary and bill clerk in the state senate prior to enlisting.

The account refers to the province of Moron. Moron or Morong province is today within Rizal Province.

Unit History:

The regiment was mustered into the federal service at Fargo, North Dakota between May 13 and 16, 1898. At the time of mustering in, the regiment consisted of twenty-seven offices and 658 enlisted men. The regiment departed Fargo on may 26, bound for San Francisco, California, where it arrived four days later. On June 28, the regiment boarded the transport INDIANA (Co. H only) and VALENCIA (remainder of the regiment) bound for Manila, in the Philippine Islands.

After over a month at sea, stopping briefly at Hawaii, the regiment arrived in the Philippines on July 31, 1898, and was assigned to General Arthur MacArthur's 1st Brigade of the 2nd Division of the 8th Army Corps (interestingly, at that time there was only one division in the corps, and it was the second, not the first). After participating in the attack and capture of Manila on August 13, the First North Dakota performed garrison and outpost duty at Malate. An Armistice was reached with Spain on August 12, the same day Manila fell (since it is on the opposite side of the International date Line) ending the fighting. The regiment was transfered to the Second Brigade, First Division, 8th Army Corps on October 14, 1898. The Spanish American War officially ended on December 10, 1898 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.

The Philippine American War broke out on February 4, 1899. After taking part in the actions around Manila on February 4 and 5, the regiment went on to fight in many skirmishes and battles including Paranque, San Pedro Road, Maibay, English Cemetery, Culi Culi, Kings Bluff, San Bartolome/Novaliches, Tabac/San Rafael, Titban, Bustos, San Isidro, San Fernando, Cabiao, Cainta, Taytay,, Angona, and Morong. The regiment was transfered to the First Brigade, First Division, 8th Army Corps on March 17, 1899. The regiment departed the Philippines on the transport U.S.A.T. GRANT (Formerly the MOHAWK) on July 30, 1899, after being in the Philippines for almost exactly one year, arriving in San Francisco on August 29, 1899.

The regiment was mustered out of service on September 25, 1899 at San Francisco. At the time of mustering out, the regiment consisted of thirty-one officers, and 507 enlisted men. The regiment (had) 6 enlisted men killed in action, and one man who later died of his wounds. In addition, nine men died from disease, one man drowned and one man was killed in an accident. One officer was wounded in action as were thirteen enlisted men. Eighteen men were discharged on disability. The regiment suffered no desertions.

Louden's Account:

"...GOES TO WAR

In April, 1898, when war was declared against Spain he was a member of the Governor’s Guards, Co. A., Bismark. He resigned his office at the prison and enlisted in the volunteers for two years or for the duration of the war. North Dakota’s quota was two battalions of 670 men. They were moved westward to the Pacific coast where they embarked for the Philippine Islands. The outfit landed in Manila August 7th, after a 37 day voyage across the Pacific. They were taken as near the shore as possible in small boats on account of the shallow bay, and then waded ashore, and camped in a peanut patch six miles from Manila Aug. 11. On Aug. 13, they went into battle against the Spanish. At two o’clock the same afternoon the Spanish flag was pulled down and the Stars and Stripes put up where it has remained until this day,” says Mr. Louden.

He further says, “We surrounded the walled city on the night of August 13 to keep Aguinaldo and his insurgent army out so they would not kill foreigners and the Spanish remaining there. From then until February 4, we did outpost duty. On February 4, the insurgent army attacked us. From that time until next August we campaigned in nine different provinces after the insurgent army. About half of us had intermittent malaria, dysentery, dolor itch, (a disease of the skin contracted from wading in the tropical jungles). The regiment was in 36 engagements; of this number I was in 23. We had no right to stay for the insurrection, but we volunteered to stay until President McKinley could organize an army to take our place.

During our campaign in the Philippines we never dug in. I was color sergeant, and I will swear that we never retreated one foot in all the battles. There was no rear to go to. We were front, rear, and everything else. In the Province... Moron was the only American town known in the Islands. We took it and never let a Philippino reenter. There was small pox and black plague, (bubonic plague). When the natives died we burned their houses and bodies. No American had bubonic plague, but some Chinamen that we had allowed in the commissary department died from the disease. We burnt their bodies and houses.

Food Is Poor

When we were relieved at Moron there were 27 out of 84 men that did not answer sick call; a good many should have done so, but did not want to take quinine. The doctors finally lined the men up in the company formation, and gave each man his dose off a spoon seeing that each man swallowed it. The food, part of the time, was very poor, especially on the trip over. Fresh water was short, due to inefficiency on the part of the government being poorly prepared for war. Stories of the embalmed beef were not too highly exaggerated at the time. During the last part of the insurrection and on the journey home the men received the best of treatment. We returned on the transport Grant and received the best accommodations.

Upon our arrival at San Francisco we received a welcome a rousing welcome from both the citizens of California and the U.S. Government. We were mustered out; turned in our accoutrements; returned home on money sent to us by the State of North Dakota. Out of the 670 mustered, less than 100 of the old North Dakota regiment returned. We have a reunion on August 13, every year at Spiritwood Lake near Jamestown, ND. We eat, drink and be merry, and tell more lies than I am telling here. The boys are all good Americans, white headed, and a good many went to France as officers, and I believe are ready to go again if the call comes.”

Mr. Louden has a numerous collection of Spanish-American, and Philippino war souvenirs and mementos including some of the personal possession of the late William G. Lamb of Hamilton who was Pembina County’s one soldier slain in the Philippino [Filipino] Insurrection. A large monument was erected to his memory in the Hamilton cemetery. His body also rests there.

Congressional Medal

Among Mr. Louden’s special keepsakes are: Spanish American War Medal, Congressional Medal, known as the McKinley Medal, given for Loyalty, Fortitude and Patriotism.

Mr. Louden has a wonderful record as a rifle marksman. In the army rifle matches he shot down all regiments, regular and volunteer, at the presidio, near San Francisco, Calif. He was requested to join the National Rifle association, which he did and has competed with all teams at the association from Bangor, ME, to Pasedena, Calif. He says, “Our team, known as the Dickinson, N.Dak., team took second place. Individually, I was beaten once.”

Among other experiences of Mr. Louden were those of visiting the Hawaiian Islands on the voyage to and from the Philippines, where they were royally entertained. He also had the opportunity to visit a number of the leading cities in Japan where his outfit received excellent treatment. During his time in the Philippines he had the pleasure to be in the presence of Admiral George Dewey the hero of Manila bay He also has seen and been near the famous Philippino leader, Emilio Anginaldo, who immediately following the Spanish-American war led the Philippinoes against the American forces in the Islands, only to be finally defeated.

When one hears or reads of the experiences and adventures that some of our fellow citizens have during one short life time we sometimes wonder how they can lead the simple life again and seemingly enjoy it as our old friend Mr. Louden seems to be doing. May the coming years be full of peace and happiness for him and his family."

Bibliography:

Louden Account source:

Cavalier Chronicle, Friday, November 30, 1934.

Unit history sources:

Correspondence relating to the War with Spain And Conditions Growing Out of the Same Including the Insurrection in the Philippine Island and the China Relief Expedition. Vol. 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902) 609.
Spokesfield, The History of Wells Co., North Dakota and its Pioneers. (info. concerning the 1st North Dakota, contributed by Carolyn Upchurch).
Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called into Service During the War with Spain; with Losses from All Causes. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899).

there has been a general exodus of men to the Insurrecto lines. I am breathing freer on that account. I feared they would rise inside Manila & a number of Americans be killed before they could get off the streets into places of shelter.

One of the Filipino men down stairs is troubled with hemorrhage of the lungs. Rev. & Mrs. Owens are waiting on him. I gave them a pot of extract of beef to make beef-tea for him. He was formerly a Spanish soldier. While in their army, some Spaniard struck him a blow which brought on the trouble.

This is a fine day. As I left for headquarters every church bell in the two cities are ringing and people are rushing to early Mass. Most of them dress in the highest of Spanish fashion, others in plain Filipino style. A good many of the boys are attending but more for curiosity than anything else. I worked all morning. We had steak and bread for dinner and soup for supper. In the evening most of us went to church and a good many to the entertainment which was given for the benefit of the soldiers’ monument which is to be erected here in their honor. On Friday night, Doctor McAllister of our Regiment died very suddenly, presumed poisoned. He was buried this afternoon with full honors of war. The sick list remains the same.

McALLISTER, William K., Allegheny, Pa.

Took notes on Palace Triangle in a.n. & platted in p.m. Lines still closed. Expect trouble tonight.

Manila, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

Cool breeze blowing larger part of the day, reminded me of the temperate zone & had a tendency to brace me up, but still the least execution made my underwear wet with perspiration.

I feel very tired tonight. Walked out to San Miguel out to Calle de Gral. Solano. Took a photo of 1st Bat. 1st South Dakota vol. Inf. and called at the 1st Montana barracks. Saw Private Hines re holding a service after dark. Replied he thought it advisable. Returned home, cooked a cup of cocoa, partook of cold food, got my bible lesson, prayed & was off again. Hines, Lloyd, Freeman, Scott & 2 other comrades assisted me. Audience 30. Tried hard but could get no souls forward to seek Christ publicly. After meeting. Hines gave me $20 gold & Lloyd $2 U.S. silver, principally to settle for gramophone exhibition tickets. Will straighten accounts (D.V.) tomorrow.

During day at home wrote & copied 3 letters. Read several chapters in Winchell’s Walks & Talks in Geology. Feel much interest in Natural history as it reflects God’s thoughts. When downtown, the first time today called at the post office & brought back a letter for Rev. Owens. The same was a letter of credit notifying him that he can draw £60. This proved good news to him & his wife. They are $100 in debt. Borrowed money from friends. Recently on the Glooscap they rec’d a donation of $100. They have not paid me any rent since moving into No. 2 Were not able. They talk of squaring accounts.

Invited me to dinner. Special feature – ham & cabbage. Was highly appreciated.

Visitors to No. 2 None. The house remains empty now from noon till night. The U.S. troops are in fighting trim & are kept close to their barracks. Crowds continue to leave the city I am told. This continuous strain of impending battle is a marked feature of everyday life in Manila at the present time. Everything & everyday is kept in a state of suspense. I heard today that the Insurrectos outnumber the American soldiers 3 to 1. Also heard that Gen’l Otis is avoiding the offensive & waiting for reinforcements.

"I heard today that the Insurrectos outnumber the American soldiers 3 to 1. Also heard that Gen’l Otis is avoiding the offensive & waiting for reinforcements."

We were back in our old quarters where I felt pretty sick and closed myself with bismuth and quinine.

The weather is as fine as ever. The nights are quite chilly. We have seven men on guard and four on outpost. There was some firing done on the line but no results. The Filipinos are threatening to make a rush on the outpost and city but we are talking it cool. We go through drills morning and evening. We have another issue of clothing and are all pretty well fixed. The sick roll is about the same.

This makes three days and nights without my clothes being removed. About ½ our Co. went out to b.h. 11 and still the procession of buffalo carts with household goods goes by to the country.

Manila, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

Sky overcast with clouds all day and the temperature cool to such an extent that I am reminded of America. Cooked breakfast & supper & washed dishes. Made cold food suffice me for dinner.

This forenoon went to town. Called at the post office. No mail. Visited the Imperial photograph gallery and purchased photographs for future use; also dropped into a Spanish book store and purchased some. These pictures may be used for stereopticon exhibitions providing that kind of work is assigned me in the future. I think best to take time by the forelock and prepare now.

Privates Andrew Waterman and Alfred Pines both of the South Dakota volunteers, called & paid their Tenth League dues; God bless them amen. I am much encouraged by the willingness exhibited by quite a few comrades to render back to God one-tenth of His gifts to them. Waterman said the Lord is prospering him.

Wrote & copied two letters (1) to Major Ashley Pebbles No. 928 R. street Washington D.C. to make payment of $30. 74 for the gramophone & $8.74 worth of records & 1 case purchased from him on credit (2) Major John McHarlane, No. 1139 Baronne street New Orleans, La. paying him $5 for a valise. Went to catch tomorrow’s U.S. mail.

The wave of excitement that thrilled Manila like electricity yesterday was caused by the three shots I heard over on Calle Jolo yesterday afternoon. The American troops sprang to arms – the entire force in a remarkably short time. Cause of shooting: American soldiers –

We are now living in Manila at such high tension that it needs but a slight disturbance to thrill the whole populace.

Waterman brought word that the American & Filipino pickets fired at each other last night. Fred Schmidt of Co. F. South Dakota Vols. killed 2 Filipino soldiers night before last. He permitted them to pass. They tried to kill him, cut his face. – Visitors today 3; prayed with them.

Fred Schmidt of Co. F. South Dakota Vols. killed 2 Filipino soldiers night before last. He permitted them to pass. They tried to kill him, cut his face. –

Weather is keeping fine. Our outpost came in at 8:00 a.m. and they reported everything quiet on the line. But, some shots were exchanged but no one was hurt. Excitement has not cooled down any and we are still kept in our quarters but have strengthened the outpost. We have seven men on guard and ten on outpost now. All the boys are busy getting their mail ready as it will leave in the morning. There are ten men on the sick list and we have no word from the hospital.

Last night a Penn. killed oner man on post & captured 3 others –and a force of 300 forced the pickets on our line. But they fell back to block house & held them off. Co. M out last night, and we patrolled this portion of city.

Got a proclamation off a post in Singalong. We are called out (1st batt.) and I have been ordered to report as guide. They are falling in now, 8.30 p.m. They are going to attack us tonight, so all the Filips say. Other rumours say they open up the ball tomorrow, Sunday.

Had neglected to write for last 10 days although much has happened that is of interest. A few days ago in fact Jan 5, Lee Morse was killed. He was in New Manila during evening. I was with M. Holbrook, Freeman, and Carr (and) we last saw Lee at the Alabama at 8 o’clock. From there he & Percy went to theater and returned to quarters about 10:30 going in (the) back gate of walled city. On (At) Maekin officers quarters they heard some shots fire (along the)  wall near (the) magazine. They stopped and spoke to (the) sentry asking about (the) shooting. Capt. Wells of Lee’s company came out of (his) quarters to see about (the) shooting. Together, followed by Percy they went up on the wall. (The) Sentry (was) not on (the) incline (and) who should have challenged them, had left his post looking for natives.

Lee and Wells were followed onto (the) wall by Major Gantenbein and Capt. Heath. None of these officers had a right on the wall as (the) sentrys (sic) had orders that no one was allowed on or near (the) magazines. The officers with Lee stood talking to sentrys (sic) asking about the firing for several minutes. Lee in a few minutes unnoticed left the crowd. He went up and around a small mound and reappeared in front of and about 21 feet from (the) sentry in place where (a) native was last seen. Without any warning sentry fired hitting Lee in ribs. Capt. Heath recognized Lee kahkie (khaki) (sic) uniform but could not speak quick enough to save him. Percy meantime had gone to quarters. Lee was carried where all was done that could be but it was of no avail. Lee died in about l0 minutes. His funeral occurred next day and was largely attended by officers and men of regiment. On the 13th Percy received a furlough and started home with body.

The situation at Hola [Iloilo] the last 10 days has been critical. We sent down several regiments of troops in Puwua [Paragua with] [Palawan] several cruisers but the instructions of Gen. Miller was such that he did not band (land and secure?) when he first went [into] town. Later the insurgents saw his proclamation and heard Aguinaldo’s. Their manner changed and they fortified the city and blockaded the river by every means at their command. They spread coal oil in all principle buildings. It seems as if there may be much fighting before natives are subdued.

The situation in and near Manila is also very critical. Aguinaldo is belligerent in his attitude. The strain is so great that the shooting of a dog in the streets by a soldier a few days ago caused such excitement and such rumors to start that within 20 minutes all business houses were closed. Spaniards were flying (fleeing) toward walled city, natives (went), to cover and American soldiers were seizing streetcars and cabs and flying (confined) to quarters. The general call to arms was sounded and in an incredibly short time from the shooting of the dog the American forces had taken their positions assigned to them in case of outbreak. It was several hours before officers had quieted down (and) business was resumed.

The natives all over town are getting up subscriptions and leaving town for the insurgent lines. Throughout it all they in most cases seemed friendly, and consider the fact that they are in ending to fight us a great joke !! Their little joke (will) become very serious for them if they are not very careful. The strain has caused us, Co. H, to use guards at night. We have 2 posts and 4 reliefs, posting guard from 9:30 to 5:30 so each relief has but two hours. I act as corporal sleeping downstairs where (I rest) and can be awakened easily in case of emergency.

The work at Custom House goes on as usual. I have taken about 4 dozen pictures & have copies [and] have done well with them. Watson, Davies, & Ludwig, the small pox patients are doing well. Yesterday met an Mexican girl. Daughter of American Capt. She has a america (American) (sic) (accent and) I went with her & Mr. Peters to the photographers. I have some picture(s) finished. Will probably go out and shop to see her in few days. She expects to be here a week more. Nurses have come ashore but have not yet called. Will soon.

Peculiar things happened; firstly, Williams loaded his rifle during the night for no reason and. secondly, Fales chased a coloured man from the ‘Cazadero’ with a gun for which he was placed in ‘D’ Hospital in a padded cell.

Cavite, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

Out of bed early. Not a difficult matter. Same kind of dead animal so filled my bedroom with a bad smell that the night was thereby made very uncomfortable. Got up cooked breakfast and hurried down into Binondo ward & paid the fare thereof to Cavite. While waiting for the boat to leave had a short talk with Mr. Sterling, one of the proprietors of the Corregidor Island line, encouraged me to make a trip over one of these days & hold a service on board. I may do so, the Lord willing.

At Cavite called at the Tennessee brassband quarters & secured 10 films. Mr. A.J. Fromme did the work for $1 U.S. coin. Wants more work.

Met Private Chas Lorentz of the Hospital corp, on Calle de Arsenal. Together we arranged for a service or two in the Sally – port of San Felipe fort, Cavite tomorrow. One Comrade stated that they are all on a strain in Cavite as they have expected an insurrection from the inside & an attack from the outside. He said & Mr. Silver said the Filipinos expect to make an attack both inside & outside of Cavite & Manila tomorrow simultaneously. Whether hostilities commence tomorrow or not, it seems nothing can avert war now.

I purchased some shells for my collection.

Had a talk with “General” Tarnsley. He was formerly Adjutant General of Colorado. Also had a talk with Mr. Chamberlain. Returned to Manila on this 2.30p.m. ferry boat. In Cavite Mr. W.B. Silver treated me to dinner free in his restaurant.

Spoke to several men about salvation personally. This was a cloudy windy day with light driving rain on the bay at times.

Crossing the bay I saw anchored close in shore between the land and the fish fences out in the bay, the monitor “Monadnock”. She lies just off Malate. Her guns are said to cover the Filipino trenches – erstwhile American trenches before the fall of Manila. The “Concord” is watching the northern suburbs skirting the bay. The rumor is also afloat in Manila that the Filipinos will attack tomorrow. Yesterday they made a demonstration in force on the picket line of the Montana sergeant with Penn. A native rushed on an American sergeant with an upraised knife. Consequence he was shot.

Took supper with Rev. & Mrs. Owens, – Comrades came in & an informal meeting was held. Present 7. Visitors during the day 9. Moved my bed into my dining room. Comrades brought me in money. Berry drew $10 personal funds.

A Spanish family-neighbors moved into the walled city this afternoon. The scare continues —

We have passed a quiet night and the day has passed without much excitement although the Filipinos have threatened us that they would force their way into the city on Sunday. We put six men on guard and fifteen on outpost. Every man is kept in quarters. In the morning we had inspection of arms which, with the exception of a few, passed successfully. The boys on outpost and guard have strict orders that the natives must be in their houses at o’clock and remain there until daylight or else run the chance to be shot down by the sentries. Many documents of a very exciting nature are circulated and every thing is done to suppress the same. We are all getting used to these false rumors and keep cool. The troops have not landed yet in Iloilo and are awaiting rations and reinforcements which have been promised. Cablegrams are coursing in every day from the war department but to very little satisfaction. Rumors are afloat that the Filipinos are going to shut the water off. We received word that Frank Brain was very low and could not live much longer. Reed Murphy is doing well. On the sick list remain 10 men. While the bugle blows Taps, the rain is coming down in torrents and will make it miserable for the boys on outpost.

Friday night at 9.00 we were deployed from the convent at b.h. 11 across the front to b.h. 12. The rice fields had been purposely flooded, and H²O was about 18 in. deep. Fixed a rocket board at b.h. 11 and made my bed on a knoll. Went to sleep. Turned cold and started to rain. Awake at 11 p.m. & was lying in six in. of H²O.

The dark forms of our pickets, and along the bank of the creek, our cossack post, the noiseless tread of the ins. on the bridge, the clang of an officer’s sabre; the furious storm; the flapping of banana leaves; the creaking of bamboo clumps –and upon the west wings of the cold east wind was borne the midnight chant of the convent.

Walked up & down the road & my tho’ts were far away, but easily bro’t to earth upon hearing some unusual noise. General King rode up at four a.m. and we drew in cossacks and marched by left flank to Convent gate where we asked admission, and got behind the walls after threatening to break in the gates. Many fugitives are there & it was pitiful to see their white starved faces.

Stayed here until 10 a.m., when r’t. by file –we took a dike home. 24 hrs. in the rain and the dark night. Changed clothes & slep rest of the day. The whole 1st Division was out for support. 1st Ca. in Paco & 4th Cal. in Calle Looban but they kept their peace & Aguinaldo’s threat to eat dinner in the Palace did not hold.

Went to hospital to see Jim. He has blotches all over face but they will disappear in a few months. Jim will be in quarters in few days. Had Andres skipped [skip) out with $.65 American Company money. All is quiet in regard to natives. I do not believe there will be any fighting. Regulars are on their way here presumably to relieve volunteers. We may be home in a few months.

Manila, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

Hot sultry weather; cloudy but dry. Went to post office; no mail. While down town ordered from Chofre & Co. 3 blank books like this one for diary purposes. Promised to have them finished in 4 or 5 days at $2 each. I read tonight in the Evening “Times” of Manila that this dentist I met on the Cavite ferry boat recently, Senor J. Arevalo, was arrested on suspicion of being implicated in getting out a ridiculous manifesto addressed to Americans & purporting to have been written by an American. This absurd document calls on Americans not to fight the Filipinos etc. I secured a copy in Cavite during my last visit there. Arevalo did not answer the letter I wrote him re the Protestant publications which I have on hand.

I remained at house all day following my return and went thro’ my accounts. Up to date my personal expenses and general work expense have been kept together. This was unavoidable because of the peculiar circumstances surrounding my send-off from San Francisco. I was given $100 to cover my expenses & was promised a regular salary, the latter however hung – fine several months. Finally, Nov. 25th I drew my first installment of $18. Am receiving $9 a week paid by San Francisco & charged against New York. At $9 a week my salary for July (I left San Francisco June 28th) August & September – 12 weeks would be $108. It will readily be seen that on the score of salary, Headquarters are considerably behind with the am’t due me; however that part cuts but a small figure as I am not here specially for money but for the glory of God & the good of humanity. From this date I am calling it square for convenience and will keep a separate account of such personal expenses as are not connected with Salvation army work.

Private Flansberg of the 13th Minnesota vol. Inf. came in after supper. I prayed with him & advised him not to marry a certain mestizo woman who is drawing him into the matrimonial net. F. says he feels God is opposed to the match but he cannot give her up. __ No soldiers meeting tonight. The troops are kept close inside their quarters ready for the expected rupture with the Filipino army now encircling Manila & Cavite on the land side. – Visitors to No. 2, only 1.

Alfred Burton Welch (1874-1945)
Born on September 26, 1874 in Afton, Iowa, Alfred Burton Welch spent the majority of his childhood years in South Dakota where he had daily contact with Native Americans. He would later have an extensive military career. Typically referred to as A. B. Welch, he was well known for his extensive artifact collection and lifelong close association with Sioux tribal nations.


Welch resurfaces in history next when he joins the Washington State National Guard/Volunteer Infantry on May 6, 1898 were he serves in Company D, 1st Infantry including a tour of duty in the Philippine Insurrection. He was released from service on November 1, 1899. He listed "merchant" as his occupation prior to enlistment.

Welch moved to Mandan in about 1905. In 1906, he was instrumental in organization Company F-North Dakota National Guard to replace the local militia.

A.B. Welch was credited as being the first white man adopted into the Yanktonai Sioux Nation by its great chief John Grass. Welch was fluent in the Sioux dialect.

In June 1913, A. B. Welch was adopted by Chief John Grass as his son. The event was reported extensively by the Minneapolis Sunday Journal, complete with photos and artwork. The Journal stated, “(Welch) studied their lives and haunts, became familiar with their bows and arrows... (learned) their history... with the result that a purpose was born within him to do whatever it might be given to him to do, to show his faith and his friendship for these once mighty children of nature, now shorn of their ancient rights.”

Chief Grass had learned that Welch fought with distinction in the Philippine-American War. The two men became close friends. Grass lost a son in 1910, and three years later, he decided to adopt Welch in memory of his late son. It was a great honor; the chief said it was the first time in history that any white man had been adopted into the Sioux nation using the full tribal ceremony.
The ceremony took place near Fort Yates. He was twice “taken prisoner” by ceremonial war parties and then released when Charging Bear would say, “This man is my friend.” The warriors voted on whether Welch was worthy of this honor. One negative vote would have stopped the adoption, but Welch was accepted and was given his adoptive father’s name, Mato Watakpe or "Charging Bear." With over 500 in attendance, the ceremony also included speeches, converging of elders, drumming, dancing, and singing.

North Dakota historian LaDonna Brave Bull Allard writes, “Adoption is one of our sacred seven rites of the Lakota/Dakotas Nation. We adopt all kinds of people young and old. If you lost a sister, you adopted another who reminds of that sister or brother, grandmother etc... We believe that you should never be alone in this world... It is our way,” she concluded.

Charging Bear presented to Welch a specially made pipe, and Welch gave Charging Bear a gold watch. Welch also gave the tribe a barbecue, including two steers, 100 pounds of coffee, a wagonload of hard tack, and 100 pounds of tobacco.

The Smithsonian Institute acknowledged Welch as being one of the “best posted men in the United States on the ancient customs, sports and ceremonies of the Sioux.”

Commissioned Captain and assigned to Company A, 1st Infantry, North Dakota National Guard, at Bismarck, on June 9, 1913; called into federal service on June 19, 1916, for Mexican border duty and served there until discharged from federal service at Fort Snelling, Minnesota on February 14, 1917, and resumed National Guard status. He was assigned for a short period of time assist with guarding the Northern Pacific Railway’s Missouri Bridge under the command of Major Dan Wright.

However his reserve status was short lived as he was recalled into federal service on March 26, 1917; placed on supernumerary list, April 13, 1917; re-called into active duty, April 15, 1917 in response to the USA’s declaration of war against Germany in World War I. He gained an assignment as a line captain in June 1917 when a second regiment from North Dakota was formed. He was assigned to Company I, 2nd Infantry, North Dakota National Guard (116th Ammunition Train) to October 28, 1918; 3rd Ammunition Train, to discharge; overseas from December 13, 1917, to August 26, 1919. He was advanced to the rank of Major. A large number of Native American soldiers volunteered for his command. He was ‘loud in his praise” and stated “ I found them always loyal to their officers, always volunteered for the most dangerous of missions to the point of recklessness, and a splendid new element for the army now organized.”

Joe Young Hawk, an Arikara was once captured by five Germans but subsequently escaped, killing 3 of the enemy. Young Hawk was shot through both legs, but was still able to capture his other two captors and take them back to US lines. Major Welch said this of Young Hawk: “I am terribly proud of him. He ought to have a medal, for really it took all kinds of nerve.” Young Hawk was eventually awarded his medal. His division was also involved in the Meuse-Argonne offensive.

He was discharged at Camp Dodge, Iowa, on October. 7, 1919, as a captain. Before his military career was complete, he had served in the Spanish American War, the Philippine Insurrection, the Mexican-American War and World War I.

Commissioned Captain and assigned to Company A, 1st Infantry, North Dakota National Guard, at Bismarck, on June 9, 1913; called into federal service on June 19, 1916, for Mexican border duty and served there until discharged from federal service at Fort Snelling, Minnesota on February 14, 1917, and resumed National Guard status. He was assigned for a short period of time assist with guarding the Northern Pacific Railway’s Missouri Bridge under the command of Major Dan Wright.

However his reserve status was short lived as he was recalled into federal service on March 26, 1917; placed on supernumerary list, April 13, 1917; re-called into active duty, April 15, 1917 in response to the USA’s declaration of war against Germany in World War I. He gained an assignment as a line captain in June 1917 when a second regiment from North Dakota was formed. He was assigned to Company I, 2nd Infantry, North Dakota National Guard (116th Ammunition Train) to October 28, 1918; 3rd Ammunition Train, to discharge; overseas from December 13, 1917, to August 26, 1919. He was advanced to the rank of Major. A large number of Native American soldiers volunteered for his command. He was ‘loud in his praise” and stated “ I found them always loyal to their officers, always volunteered for the most dangerous of missions to the point of recklessness, and a splendid new element for the army now organized.”

Joe Young Hawk, an Arikara was once captured by five Germans but subsequently escaped, killing 3 of the enemy. Young Hawk was shot through both legs, but was still able to capture his other two captors and take them back to US lines. Major Welch said this of Young Hawk: “I am terribly proud of him. He ought to have a medal, for really it took all kinds of nerve.” Young Hawk was eventually awarded his medal. His division was also involved in the Meuse-Argonne offensive.

He was discharged at Camp Dodge, Iowa, on October. 7, 1919, as a captain. Before his military career was complete, he had served in the Spanish American War, the Philippine Insurrection, the Mexican-American War and World War I.

Major Welch served as the Commander of the American Legion Post in Mandan in 1921-1922. Among his many achievements, he was appointed by US President Harding's administration to serve as Mandan's Postmaster from 1923 through 1934. His signature is found on cachets celebrating the opening of the Mandan Airport on May 2, 1933. He resigned a year early in April 1934 and was replaced by Frank S. Hudson.

He died in a Bismarck hospital after a long illness on June 30, 1945 and is buried in Union Cemetery. The funeral, held in the Masonic Temple in Mandan, was attended by representatives of the American Legion, the color guard from the Veterans of Foreign Wars and an honor squad from the North Dakota National Guard. The American Flag from his casket was presented to his brother Eldred Welch for his brother's military service, on behalf of a grateful nation.

In November 2005, one of A. B. Welch's collected artifacts fetched $118,000 at public auction. A well-documented Whitney revolver once owned by Sitting Bull had been presented to A.B. Welch in 1920 by a chief of the Hunkpapa Lakota and a cousin of Sitting Bull, No Two Horns. No Two Horns fought with Sitting Bull at the Little Big Horn. The revolver's handle and its fringed leather scabbard are both inscribed with the scratched notation "Sitting Bull Die 1890."

This biography was based in part on the July 12, 2004 Dakota Datebook item compiled by the State Historical Society of North Dakota for Prairie Public Radio. The project was supported in part by a grant by the North Dakota Council on the Humanities. The Society appreciates the contributions of these organizations to this Legacy Program biography

This has been a beautiful day. The company is going through our regular routine of duty. We have seven men on guard and fifteen on outpost. Our outpost reports everything quiet on the line but the mud is getting knee deep on account of the hard rains. Rumors are afloat that our men at Iloilo captured a German gunboat while attempting to land some Gatling guns and ammunition for the insurgents. Everything remains quiet. The same nine men stay on the sick list.

Started letter to Topsy. Work in Ermita on map. Sung on the Luneta. Hot. The 6th Art. passed with a rush this morn with the mountain guns of the old Astor Battery to take some position and an expedition left for up Pasig “points.” Sort of a scouting trip.

The weather has started to get warmer.

Manila, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

Heavy black clouds and a shower.

People are recovering from their fright. The acute phase of the threatened rupture with the Filipinos seem to have passed, at least for the time being. The U.S. soldiers (held prisoners the past week or 10 days) were given liberty today, but must keep near their quarters & not remain out longer than 8.p.m. My house is not so lovely, soldiers have been coming & going all day. Visitors 8.

The first to call was Mr. Isaac Russell, late proprietor of the “American Soldier.” The latter suspended publication with No. 1 copy of the II volume. Mr. Russell has been in the guard house for writing a letter to a home paper, reflecting on some of the military heads in these parts. R. & I discussed a proposed trip to Dagupan. Russell speaking of Admiral Dewey said the latter has had every newspaper man & woman in Manila to dine with him at his personal table. Keeps on good terms with member of the farers.

Wrote & copied two letters & 1 to Private M. H. Ackarett of Bat. B. Utah Light Artillery, advising to attend S.A. meetings etc. A called before the letter was mailed & paid $3 Mex. on Tenth League dues. Prayed with him & tried to cheer his spirits.

Private Devine (Landon) also called & paid in $5 gold, Tenth League. He took some Tagalog Scriptures & Spurgeons sermons in Spanish to sell on the streets of Manila. Sold $1. Mex. worth. Private A.S. Lloyd of the 1st Montana Vol. Inf. learning what Landrum had done called for literature to sell. Supplied him with 10, Luke’s in Tagalog & 10 Mark’s in the same language, also 6 copies of Spurgeon’s sermons translated into Spanish.

This evening called at the post office for mail, also visited the editorial office of the “New Orient”, late “Uncle Sam”, to secure a file. Was only partly successful. I am trying to get full & complete files of the crop of the U.S. soldier publications that have appeared since the occupation of Manila.

Prayed with several visitors & pressed the Savior’s claim upon the attention of some.

Another fine day. Everything is reported quiet on the line. Seven men are on guard and eleven are on outpost. The “Amerikan” (newspaper) renews her assault on the Germans but the “Freedom,” which seems to take up with the Germans, says in plain English and says it’s a dirty lie and there seems to be a war between them. Five of the largest firms withdraw their advertising from the “Amerikan” and the paper advises soldiers to not patronize the same. Our mail came in late this evening but I didn’t receive any. Two men are in hospital and five in quarters