The Filipino American War as seen by diarists in real time with some additional commentary and sourc

Manila, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

Rainy morning; cool weather; clear night & a bright moon.

To (Rev) Private Sam’l Krell, who is a photographer (amateur perhaps) I ordered 12 photo of Iloilo, island of Panay & interesting incidents are to be on tropical paper, unmounted. He belongs (K) to Co. K. 51st Iowa Vol. reg’t. His command is to leave for Iloilo tonight the 18th U.S. reg. Inf. & others are to follow. That town is in a desperate plight & Lord pressed by Insurgents.

Rumors are floating around of trouble up here with Aguinaldo,

Sent a letter to Surgeon Fairchilds by Krell re the Red Cross box sent by Mrs. Belle Wheeler of West Berkeley. After dinner (3 p.m.) called at the post office & got nothing. Went to Spanish book store & bought 4 photos for stereopticon purposes in case I am required to lecture on the Philippines.

Seeing a poster of announcing the starting of daily excursions to Corregidor Island for $1 Mex. fare. Rev. C. Owens & I agreed to go over (DN) next Monday.

Collected the $1 postal note from Mrs. Louisa Fertig of Roseville Cal.

Private (Bro.) V. Henson of Co. F. 1st Nebraska Vol. Inf. came in from Camp Santa Mesa to tell me that Chaplain Mailie consented to a service Christmas Eve with the Nebraskan. So we are arranging for the same. He remained past noon & I cooked a dinner of fried bacon. Had chockolate, bananas & bread with it. Also during the day cooked breakfast & supper.

Brother Hines secured 2 Tenth League members Bros. Geo. Schurmerhorn Co. D. 2d Oregon Vols., & Bro. David E. Freeman (the new convert) Co. E. 1st Montana Vol. Inf.

After supper No. 2 Calle Sta. Elena parlor filled with the largest audience up to date (23) in that room for a holiness meeting. God the Holy Ghost present, praise to Him, Rev. & Mrs. Owens brought in their organ & assisted. At the close Private E. F. Flanberg Co. G. 13th Minnesota Vol. Inf. backslider, returned to Christ & claimed victory. Praise God. – Visitors today 25.

Mail came on St. Paul today. Two from Miss Adams, one from Miss Son, one each from Harriet & Mary Caughran, one from Miss Carrie Crawford. Many Xmas boxes came for the boys from loved ones back in God’s country. Singers down town in eve.

The weather is beautiful and refreshing after a good rain during the night. The company goes through regular routine of business. We furnished, as usual, seven privates and 2 non-commissioned officers for guard duty. We also were told by the Captain that each man would receive $3.60 … $1.80 this will be quite a treat to us as we are all busted by this time. The insurgents are still making things rather unpleasant for us. Fifty men and officers are kept busy every day doing outpost duty. They are throwing up entrenchments all around the city and at times are coming in close range of our outposts. I believe something unpleasant for them will occur in the near future. The same men remain on the sick book and a few small pox cases, but they are on light duty.

Cavite, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

1898 is fast slipping into eternity. Only one more week and the old year will be gone.

Out of bed early & after prayer & bible reading cooked breakfast & hurried down to the 8.30 a.m. Cavite ferry. Reaching Binondo plaza saw by the clock in the Catholic church that I had 5 minutes to make the boat. Jumped into a quilez on General Blanco bridge. Paid the driver one paseta [peseta] fare. As the ferry boat was pulling out a man threw one paseta donation on board which made up the amount thus expended. Paid my own fare. Scott did not come along. Private Hines, Lloyd, Berry & Freeman of the Montana regiment accompanied me.

Arrived in Cavite & called on Capt. D. C. Geary of Battery A. California Vol. heavy artillery, who is provost marshall & acquainted him with the fact that Col. Van Valzah sanctioned open-air meetings. Geary said he did not oppose me & would grant a provost guard for protection if necessary. Thanked him.

Our party called at the Recollector Roman Catholic church or Calle Real. I urged Ex-Capt. Chas. Spurgeon of K. Co. 18th U.S. Inf. Reg. to return to Jesus & the S.A. refused. We knelt down in the wing where the company is quartered & prayed for Spurgeon while he stood. The young man is seeing hard times. Had a newspaper under him to sleep on. Was up last night doing guard duty. The city was filled with guards. Two Filipinos had been overheard saying houses would be blown up with dynamite.

Before dinner I led a service under the porch, on the side of the “Teatro Caviteno” in front, nearest the sally port of the wall of San Roque gate. Audience 22. We were much disturbed by Filipino (boy & men) brass bands & bamboo bands. The latter were very odd. I never saw anything like them before.

From the Teatro Filipino we proceeded to the house on Calle Arsenal notorious for the murder of a Spanish officer. May 1st on the back room on whose walls came blood stains & the inscription “Sextus Gloria”. M. Company of the 18th U.S. Infantry, regulars, occupies the same. We held a service on the street in front. Men noisy and disturbed us. Went ahead in spite of ridicule. Audience 30 not counting natives.

Meeting over we adjourned to Silver’s American restaurant on Calle Real where we took dinner. I paid $1 of the bill. Explored more of the walls, rooms & dungeons of the old Spanish fortifications also San Domingo church.

Visited quarters of Co. A. 18th Regular Inf. to find Corporal Long came, but failed. Expected to hold an open air in front of the building. Time however was lacking and the men were very busy packing up for a voyage to Iloilo. They said tonight or tomorrow.

We returned to Manila by the 2p.m. ferry.

In Manila I cooked supper but had no time to wash dishes. The soldiers gathered while I was at supper.

Led the meeting in No. 2 Calle Santa Elena. Audience 17. The Lord blessed the effort. At the close Private Geo. A. Masser of Co. H. 20th Kansas Vol. Inf. an ex-campbellite claimed to have his backslidings healed thro’ Christ; praise to our blessed Jesus; amen. Our comrades rejoiced thereat.

I am very sleepy. Had but little rest last night. The Filipinos had instrumental music in the yard below my window almost till day light.

Visitors 20.

Two Spanish prisoners held by Insurgents escaped to the American lines last night. Swam from Baker U.S. soldiers gave them clothing. Look starved & hunted.

We were much disturbed by Filipino (boy & men) brass bands & bamboo bands. The latter were very odd. I never saw anything like them before.

We held a service on the street in front. Men noisy and disturbed us. Went ahead in spite of ridicule. Audience 30 not counting natives.

Christmas Day. We celebrated with High Mass at 9.30 a.m. and later had a big dinner. We had a fairly good time.

Christmas Day. Did but little. In afternoon Frank & I took a long walk. At seven in evening we had a company supper. It was very good. The day gave nearly all of us the blues.

Awake late as I do not have to report at reveille. Ate no breakfast. Natives all dressed in silks &c, and carry baskets of fruit, live chickens to eat &c –all have something. Great cockfights. All say “Felices Pascual, Senor.” Went to Glasia [Iglesia] San Sebastian to mass. This is a fine edifice of iron, br’t in pieces from Germany, highest tower in town –16 bell chimes. Splendid interior, painting &c plate. Then to another church & back via Calle de Camillias. Lunch. We sang “Do they think of me at home,” “I love you the same as before,” and “Where is the happy party.” Made me think of the old “quartette” –Oh, I love them all– but I have lost them all –by the only way, that of making myself unworthy. So strange, so lonely and so far from home –I never shall forget Xmas 98-99. In eve we went down to Alhambra, where the 1st batt. Idaho banqueted 1st batt. N. Dakota. Had a dinner of about 15 courses –toasts — music– and the boys sang. Then back a’ Tabacolaria at midnight.

This is another fine day but the sun is out hot. The nights are cold and we can make use of our woolen blankets. The church bells all over the city are sending out greetings in sweet tones; and, in every kitchen in the companies of the different regiments there is great activity. For breakfast, we had coffee, potatoes and steak. For dinner, we had quite a variety which we all enjoyed: coffee, sugar bread, pie (baked by “Soapy”), baked beans, roast beef, roasted potatoes, peaches and ginger snaps. We also received $3.72 each in cash out of the fund from our hospice. For our supper we chose to eat in the city. Most of us went to the Opera House where we listened to a good service by Chaplains Hunter and Fleming. Everybody seemed to enjoy himself under the circumstances. The same men remain on the sick list.

We had a light shower during the night but during the day it was clear. Our outpost came in at 8:00 a.m. and reported everything quiet. Also heard the news that Aguinaldo, with half his men, has left Malolos and has taken quarters at Cavite or in that neighborhood. The rest of them chose a new leader and are willing to fight our forces. All remain on the sick list except myself (good for duty). Fresh Meat.

Manila, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

Rushed thro’ this day. Am afraid that I am biting off more bread than I can chew. Constant high pressure wears out the physical man, however, I like to be very busy for Jesus.

Cooked breakfast. Washed dishes. After clearing up walked down to the U.S. Quartermaster’s warehouse. On inquiring found 2 boxes there addressed to me. Receipted for them Mr. Norton, chief clerk, detailed a Filipino & caromata in the employ of the Government to take them to No. 2. I went along. Left the boxes there then rode back with him to Binondo plaza. There alighted & called at the post office. Rec’d 2 letters (1) from Capt. W.P. Wood in answer to mine of earlier date, granting permission to hold services on board his vessel, the gun boat “Petrel”; (2) from Calvin Liles, U.S.S. “Charleston” sending a Come Home ad and – seeking whereabouts of his wife & child thro’ New York War Cry & Inquiring Dep’t.

I answered Capt. Wards’ letter immediately & set Sunday next for a service on his ship, God willing.

Made a cold dinner of fried bacon, bread & strawberry jelly and lemonade satisfy my wants physically.

One-thirty p.m. took horse cars to Escolta & out to Calle Real Malate, thence on to 2d Reserve Hospital, where Private Flansberg 13th Minn. (saved over recently) joined me. Hunted up Bro. Temple of Hospital corps. Arranged the dining room & led a service, audience including Salvationists. This is the Convalescent’s hospital. The patients are being removed to Corregidor Island. Rent is said to be $500.00 a month.

No souls forward. Returning I stopped at a Filipino stand & bought some Iloilo shells for my museum.

Returned home & cooked supper. While eating thereof Privates Devine (Landon) Amie & Hoffenstine of the 3d Artillery came in. Leaving dishes unwashed together we proceeded to San Miguel street – back of No. 6 are the q’t’r of Battalions 2 & 3. Had a service in the tent out in the yard. Audience 45 including Salvationists. God was present. Good spirit, much interest manifested but no souls forward. Taking Salvation Army soldiers around to walk for Jesus does them good.

Dealt with several pressures re salvation personally.

Took my camera with me & photographed several scenes.

Paid the Montana soldier $1 Mex for developing a film.

Expected trouble with Aguinaldo’s insurgents seems to have passed, but while the tension is not so great, the U.S. troops are alert. The South Dakota’s are held in their barracks like prisoners for emergencies.

Visitors today about 8.

Constant high pressure wears out the physical man

Dealt with several pressures re salvation personally.

Relieved at 7.30 by Co’s C & F 1st Wn. Marched home for breakfast. All shops closed, hardly any native on the streets & from every native hut flies a black flag. Something is in the wind –How I wish they would make a break. Co. inspection in p.m. Found out that today, Sat & Sun are feast days. Today being in honor of Jose Rizal, a well educated Filipino Medical Doctor, who, after completing a course of study in Madrid, Paris & London and returning to Manila, espoused the Filipino cause and being captured was betrayed by Padres Espanas and publicly shot on the Luneta, by order of the Spanish Gov. General, on the 30th day of Dec. 1897. In eve we sang for the North Dakotas and the 14th U.S. Inf. A great reception. Home very late.

The nights are nice and cool and the weather is moderate. We have seven men on guard and three on outpost. We go through our regular routine of drills. Things look very suspicious everywhere. One regiment sailed on the Arizona under sealed orders and more are to follow. All men are kept in their quarters. Frank Brain and fourteen more are on the sick list and two are in the hospital. Shortly before Taps we received mail and one hour was given to us to read the same.

Manila, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

The year ’98 is drawing to a close. One more day left. Am trying by the grace of God to put a good finish to it. Weather cool & sky cloudy.

Cooked breakfast & supper. Satisfied my appetite with a cold dinner. Am planning for several trips (1) to Santa Cruz back on the Lagoon (2) to Corregidor – next Saturday to hold a service if possible with the convalescents. Arranged with Comrade Georgeson for a service with the third battalion 1st South Dakota Vol. Inf. tomorrow night. Called for comrades to come up to the help of the Lord, also to go over to Corregidor.

Visitors 16.

Wrote 4 letters recopied them.

This day was kept by the Filipinos as the first anniversary of the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal by the Spaniards. Black crape flags were hung from window or over doors; other funeral decorations were also used. I bought 2 Tagalog papers devoted specially to this Filipino martyr.

After supper I led thro’ the Lord the holiness meeting in No. 2 Calle Santa Elena. This is in a sense became the conservation part of our usual Watch Night service.

Quite a number of the comrades present consecrated or reconsecrated themselves to God for service during the year 1899, myself among the number providing the Lord permits us to live.

Called at the post office. No mail for me.

A native orchestra is in the Plaza. 50 men of Co. D marched out to B.H. 11 in charge of Sergt Coombs, 2nd Lieu. Lamping, commanding. We have a swell dinner today — and I feel proud of it for I am acting quartermaster Serg’t. today. The ‘4’ was to sing on the Luneta tonight –but an order came which allows no one outside the line.

We received orders to pack up everything and were confined to quarters.

This is a delightful day. The sky is quite clear and most of us are having a good time. Seven men are on guard duty and three on outpost. Everything is quiet on the line. We have pork and beans for dinner and soup for supper. I took a long walk over in the walled city and along the bay. In the evening most of us attended services at the Opera House. For some reason we were all ordered to fill our belts and be ready in a minute’s notice. Many of us slept with our clothing on but we were not called out. There are fourteen men on the sick list and three at the general hospital of which two cases are smallpox. There are more than 1,500 men confined at the general hospital and about 800 at Cavite and 300 at Corregidor Island. The average of sick at the company quarters. Not more than 500 are not fit for duty. Frank Brain is reported to be in very bad condition.

WELCOME 1899 EVERY HOUR FOR JESUS

Corregidor Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.

Up early; cooked hasty breakfast. Then away for the Pasig quay down in Barrio San Nicholas. Several comrades met me there; Privates Hines, Berry & Lloyd of the 1st Montana & Private G. Scott of the 1st North Dakota. The latter paid his own & my ferry fare to Corregidor & return $1 Mex to each.

I brought with me my camera, a bundle of S.A. song book and a good supply of food. A run of 25 miles brought us to the sleepy little village of Corregidor. The 1st Colorado brass band played selections on the way across the bay. Quite a large crowd went over. The brass band spoiled our prospects for a service in the hospital & Chaplain Hunter of the 10th Pennsylvania Inf. held a service with the 2 companies of his reg’t stationed here. So we were disappointed also in that quarter. I spoke personally to several men re salvation including Brothers Stockton & Sneiderman of the 1st Colorado Vol. Inf. Stockton claims to be saved and Sneiderman is backslidder. Gave them such advice as the dear Lord directed.

Our party crossed the narrow part of the island to the cemetery – Catholic – Near by under a boat shed 2 American sentries were doing outpost duty. Sat down in the shade and lunched; shared our food with the sentries & a can nearly full of salmon gave to a Filipino family.

Visited the monument of Corregidor. It is leaning badly. His tomb is broken open & soldiers are taking his bones away for relics. Also visited the camp of the Pennsylvanians.

At 3.p.m. went on board the steamer “Manila” No. 2 again in a small boat, but before going out I called at the residence & office of Major Owens the surgeon in charge of the convalescents hospital. Had company. Came out to see me in the entrance. Was rabid. Said if he had his say, I should not land on the island. Emphatically no, said he when I asked permission to hold meetings in the town, visit the sick in the hospital etc. Would grant permission to do nothing whatever for the sick under him, nor any minister of other denomination without exception, unless specially requested by a patient to send for some particular individual. Major Owens impressed me as an aggressive infidel.

Our party landed in Manila shortly past 6.p.m.

On the boat I arranged with “General” Tarnsley for a trip to Mariveles tomorrow. God willing.

Went into meeting without supper, a couple of bananas & sip of water had to suffice me. My companions likewise took part (those who accompanied me) supplies – 8 comrades present. New year live of testimonies.

Amie & other comrades brought word tonight that the United States will formally take possession of the Philippines tomorrow at noon & call on all armed bodies other than American troops to lay down their arms.

War Crys (S.F.) sent out. Detached Squad per Scott. 4. No. 572, 6, 573 & 5 No. 574, 1st Mon. 2d & 3d battalions, 15 No. 572; 15, 573; 15, No. 574 per Hines; 1st bat Co., 26, No. 574 and 19 No. 573 per Berry; 1st South Dakota 3d battalion per Georgeson, 15 No. 573, 15 No. 574. Also 5 copies miscel. to Annie & Lloyd.

Visitors today 9.

At 3.p.m. went on board the steamer “Manila” No. 2 again in a small boat, but before going out I called at the residence & office of Major Owens the surgeon in charge of the convalescents hospital. Had company. Came out to see me in the entrance. Was rabid. Said if he had his say, I should not land on the island. Emphatically no, said he when I asked permission to hold meetings in the town, visit the sick in the hospital etc. Would grant permission to do nothing whatever for the sick under him, nor any minister of other denomination without exception, unless specially requested by a patient to send for some particular individual. Major Owens impressed me as an aggressive infidel.

Up at reveille and surveyed in Paco. Took Glasia [Iglesia] Paco and the old Philipino [Filipino] priest was a good entertainer. 85 years ago this church was destroyed & many people killed by a terrible earthquake. On the site was erected this one 45 years ago. The tower and much of the old church still stands. A boneyard is behind the church and a large native market is in the plaza. Platted in afternoon. Ist Cal. leaves on transport under sealed orders, and we sent a guard down to the hospital to relieve them. Rained hard all p.m. Wrote to Tops in eve. Found a six inch shot in an old ruin in Paco.

Following breakfast at 6 am. we were ready to move. We left our quarters at 4 pm. and had our supper on the sidewalk at Manila before boarding ship. We saw a boy lying on the sidewalk on the front for over three hours but were not allowed to assist him. The ship, the ‘Cazadero’. sailed at midnight but got stuck in the mud at the river mouth where we had to remain until pulled off by tugs the following afternoon.

Manila, Luzon Island –Entry made in parlor of No. 2 Calle Santa Elena, Tondo.



I am forty-seven years of age today.

Was born in Houston, Texas. January 3d, 1852. The swiftly passing years do not cause regret by their flight because my time is being spent for God and humanity. I am very tired today or rather tonight. Have been on the jump since early morning.

Prayer & bible reading the first part of the day. Cooked and partook of breakfast next & washed dishes. Wrote & copied 2 letters. Mailed the same.

Went to post office this forenoon & received a large registered mail from L.B. Armstrong, Barcelona, Spain via French post. Bro. Armstrong would not trust the Spanish postal authorities with this literature: Gospel (Tagalog) St. Lukes, 16 mo. Flex 1898 copies 36: San Marcos, Do. 30 copies, Spanish” – Tal Maestro Tales Decipulos”, (by Rev. Spurgeon) pamphlet, ppg. 32 copies, 30 “El Evangelista”, Barcelona, Año VII – 1890, bound books, 10 copies Do. Añon -1829 paper cover ppg. 96 – 4 copies, Do. X:’93, 4 copies; XI – 1894, 4 copies; Do. XIII, 1896 copies 3. Also 48 copies for Sept. 98; 19 October, ’98; 33 November, 1898. Specimen Hymn Books 3.

A package was also brought me by a Filipino from Don Eulalio Carmelo, a native who received it from Brother Armstrong in Spain. Armstrong is a missionary 67 years of age & has spent many years in that class of labor. He longs to see the pure gospel preached in the Philippines. For that reason he Spanish & Tagalog books, pamphlets & papers.

I received a very cheering letter from Major C. L. Tilden who is one of the firm controlling the Overland Transportation & Warehouse Company. Bluxome St. San Francisco. I described his entry when sick, into Manila the day of the capture, with his battalion (3d ) of the First California volunteers. The write-up is in one of my War Cry articles. I wrote the firm to send me a warehouse receipt for the last 2 cases stored with them & a statement showing my indebtedness for storage. The latter he did not send & explained because he did not charge me storage. This is excellent because many dollars will be saved me. Praise God.

Returning from the post office through the drizzling rain. I saw a Filipino man & woman go up to a white poster & look at it. I followed and read the same which was printed in English. Was put up today evidently. Did not see it yesterday. The poster announced that hereafter no public works of any character can be started on the Philippines without first obtaining authority from the United States government. This is equivalent to saying that no other government is recognized here.

This means that affairs have reached a crisis.

News came (rumors) from Iloilo – is talked of among the Filipinos – that the 51st Iowa, 18th Infantry & 6th Artillery had a fight & 100 Americans were killed & 100 more were captured. Ridiculous!

Cooked some cocoa & took a cold bite then hastened away to the 2d Reserve Hospital in Malate. Was too late for meeting, so did not lead it. Found Bro. Temple. Together we hunted Stegeman & talked salvation to him; also kneeled & prayed by his bedside. A letter from ex-Staffcaptain John Garbrett, San Francisco, requested me to hunt him up to help him religiously.

From the 2d Reserve I called at the quarters of the 14th U.S. regulars looking for Corporal Sam Fisher & C.H. Goetz Co. K. Freeman to give him West Berkely Cal. newspapers from Mrs. B. Wheeler of the local Red Cross Society. The latter gentleman re plans to circulate Spanish & Tagalog religious publications. Failed to meet them. Jumped on a street car & proceeded to the quarters of the 1st California Vol. Inf. The troops were in marching order. I went there to hunt Chas Beede for his people at Antioch Cal. to learn how he was getting a long. Had already gone on board a steamer with his company – A. This regiment is sailing under sealed orders on four steamers. Many of the soldiers tonight of the First Cal. are filling the salons & drinking heavily disgracing the name of American. These men need Jesus to change their hearts lives. When Christians desert Christ how can we expect sinners to flock to His standard.

Loaned Rev. Owens $2. Mex. this a.m. He repaid it at dark. Rent is due again (advance) for No. 2 ($35. Mex.) I called at the Anglo-Indian-Australasian-Chinese bank and bought $15 gold worth of Mexican silver dollar. Received $30.45. Am preparing to pay my rent. Up to date have not received a cent rent from the Owens’. They are hard pressed for cash.

Cooked supper & then rushed away again (3d time this day). Streets sloppy and my feet wet. Took horse cars part of the distance & walked nearby the way to the 1st Montana quarters ( battalion) out in San Miguel to lead the usual Tuesday night meeting.

I had a premonition that it would be broken up by war alarms & so it was. Started our meeting as usual in the tent 7.o’clock. Audience 17. Half Salvationists – about – All the testimonies were in & I was giving my testimony to the saving & keeping power of Christ. Was interrupted by a Lieutenant-acting Adjutant coming in & surrounding the Montana men to quarters. They rushed out & our meeting came to an abrupt end. One or 2 pm other regiments remained & I closed with prayer.

During the day I spoke to several men in hospital & barrack about Christ & salvation.

Visitors at No. 2 Calle Santa Elena – about 5. When I am absent cannot keep track of the number of visitors.

Ex-Rev-David Brown – formerly Methodist minister in Montreal, Canada, has just returned from town drunk. Is a bright, young man but alas is fast traveling the road of ruin. Rev. Owens went security or rather rented the room occupied by Brown. The latter said he came, to this country to start life over again. Owens & the writer have been inclined to help him, likewise others, but also apparently in vain.

He professed to get healed of his backslidings at the table where I am now writing & testified in our Tuesday night Montana meeting, but his good intentions have apparently evaporated. Brown has a good job now – so far as salary goes but is not likely to keep it.

The Spanish had yielded Iloilo to the insurgents in 1898 to trouble the Americans. On January 1, 1899, news had come to Washington, DC, from Manila that American forces, which had been sent to Iloilo under the command of General Marcus Miller, had been confronted by 6,000 armed Filipinos, who refused them permission to land.[25][26] A Filipino official styling himself "Presidente Lopez of the Federal Government of the Visayas" informed Miller that "foreign troops" would not land "without express orders from the central government of Luzon."[26] On December 21, 1898, McKinley issued a Proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation. General Otis delayed its publication until January 4, 1899 and published a version that had been edited to avoid conveying the meanings of the terms "sovereignty," "protection," and "right of cessation," which occurred in the unedited version.[27] Unknown to Otis, the US Department of War had also sent an enciphered copy of the proclamation to General Marcus Miller in Iloilo for informational purposes. Miller assumed that it was for distribution and, unaware that a politically-expired version had been sent to Aguinaldo, published it in both Spanish and Tagalog translations, which eventually made their way to Aguinaldo.[28] Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy that he had received from Otis, Aguinaldo was already upset that Otis was referred to as "Military Governor of the Philippines" in the unaltered version, which he had received from Otis (the unaltered version said "in the Philippines."). Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration, which Otis had made without authorization from Washington.[29]

Many of the soldiers tonight of the First Cal. are filling the salons & drinking heavily disgracing the name of American. These men need Jesus to change their hearts lives. When Christians desert Christ how can we expect sinners to flock to His standard.