lordroel
Administrator
Posts: 68,033 
Likes: 49,439
|
Post by lordroel on Jun 4, 2018 15:40:29 GMT
So the Second Hundred Years' War has begone, can i assume like the first Hundred Years' War we will see periods of peace ore cease fires among the warring parties. Yep, and it's more because both sides would want to recover from their losses. At the same time, we are going to see the Ottomans also get dragged into the conflict as well, but in the long run they might buckle. Also i just found out that with these peace periods the First Hundred Years' War lasted 116 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days and not simply 100 years. |
|
|
|
Post by TheRomanSlayer on Jun 4, 2018 18:42:03 GMT
It might be a lot longer this time around.
|
|
|
|
Post by TheRomanSlayer on Jun 5, 2018 4:24:46 GMT
Case Study #16: The Second Hundred Years War Part Two
Although Europe had officially descended into the Second Hundred Years War, most of the fighting had been confined to the British Isles, with the Scots and English fighting each other once again after Edward V Plantagenet's disaster in Ireland that allowed James IV of Scotland to gain the allegiance of the new Irish subjects. However, since the English defeat, Edward V Plantagenet had built up his army, even almost breaking the economic and financial stability of his country in order to enact his revenge on the Scots. In the first phase of the Anglo-Scottish conflict, the new English light cavalry, the yeomans, had unleashed devastation inside Scottish territory controlled by the Catholic loyalists. Scottish Lollards and Scottish Savonarolists joined in the uprising against James IV and his Catholic backers alongside Perkin Warbeck and a few English soldiers. In Ireland, the English invasion force was led by Sir Richard Pole, the husband of Margaret Pole, and true to Edward V Plantagenet's plan, the two Irish coastal towns of Dungarvan and Youghal fell to English control on June 14, 1510. Unlike the previous English invasions of Ireland, Sir Richard Pole was explicitly ordered not to slaughter Irish civilians, but to carry out missionary works through the Savonarolists and the Lollards. English Savonarolists who were single men among the invasion force were encouraged to court local Irish women and to marry them in order to create a new kind of Anglo-Irish identity. English soldiers caught raping and plundering were summarily executed, as to soothe and appease the Irish public. Likewise, the Scottish soldiers who were also stationed in Ireland were encouraged to take up Irish wives, creating a religious split within the Irish state. As a result, Ireland became a host to three major ethnic groups: the Scots, the indigenous Irish and the English. The Anglo-Irish took up the identity of the Leinsterians, after the region of Leinster where Dublin is located. The Scots-Irish took up the identity of the Ulsterians, after the region of Ulster, close to the Scottish kingdom, and finally the indigenous Irish who remained Catholic. Yet in 1516, a dramatic event in the Holy Roman Empire would create a schism within the Savonarolist movement when a young German monk by the name of Martin Luther had written two theses: one that criticized the Roman Catholic Church for its corruption, and one that criticized the Savonarolist movement for being too idealistic in its dreams of reuniting the Christian Churches. Initially Martin Luther and later on Philip Melanchthon (both of whom were influenced by Savonarolist ideas) remained dedicated to the spread of Savonarola's ideas, but before he wrote the infamous Thirteen Main Points, in which he correctly pointed out the flaws of Savonarolism, primarily the emphasis on the ban on ecclesiastical ownership of property. He argued that such a ban had made the emerging Savonarolist clergy more dependent on state power in order to flourish, and in the case of England and France, the ceasaropapist influence would leave the Savonarolist Church reduced to nothing more than the mouthpiece for their respective kings. In addition, Martin Luther accused Girolamo Savonarola of being the agent of the Ottomans, due to his connections to the Eastern Orthodox clergy (though such connections were rather small, and mainly through Dmitry of Pleven), and of being a fraud, things that Savonarola himself denied.
---
Excerpts from an Interview with Father Petar Zografov, Chernarusian Oriental Orthodox Apostolic Church
Musyanko Denyuza Rossiskoy Imperatorskaya Federatsiya [1], June 19, 2014
Interviewer – Kiril Mirkulov: Father Petar, you have stated that in the past the Savonarolist movement had split off in the same way that Dmitry of Pleven and his movement has split with that of the Josephites, though the difference is rather trivial. Yet you have also stated that the split was more significant, as it exposed the critics of Savonarola as being too greedy. Can you elaborate on that, please?
Rev. Petar Zografov: Certainly. The Josephites were easily seduced by material things, and yet in a sense of irony the Josephites and their colleagues in the Lutheran movement had created an idea that led to the growth of capitalism in Western Europe. Though in Russia capitalism also kind of existed, but it was within the limits of state authority. The Russian tsar had the right to intervene in the economic development of the nation, though he often gets counsel from his ministers. Did you know that the modern ideology of National Solidarism had its roots in the teachings of both Savonarola and Dmitry of Pleven?
Kiril Mirkulov: I didn't know that, although our regime that adopted National Solidarism had an unfortunate sense of anti-Western paranoia, despite the fact that Russia itself was coaxed into the European family through the actions of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Rev. Petar Zografov: 'Coaxed' wouldn't be the right term. It's more likely that Russia was 'enticed' by Poland to enter the club of civilized European nations, but when Russia tried once again to normalize relations with the Holy Roman Empire, the current Hohenzollern dynasty chose to slam the door to the Russian state. That had an effect on the Russian psyche, as the succeeding Russian branch of the House of Mukhrani had effectively decided to model the Russian Empire more on the Ottoman Empire, Persia and China.
Kiril Mirkulov: It sounds absurd for us to have been told that we'd adopt the same kind of practice that our neighbors in the south have done. In addition, our Polish-Lithuanian colleagues have done an excellent job of acting as the arbiter of Europe and as the drawbridge between the Catholic league and our empire, plus the Ottomans. Can you also explain your words?
Rev. Petar Zografov: Our Polish-Lithuanian colleagues, as you call them, had been holding back against the resurgent tide of Papal Catholicism, and in fact they emerged as the new Savonarola-influenced state after the fall of the Grand Alliance. However, the Peace of Kiev made in 1654 had clearly made a demarcation between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Poland-Lithuania would become the arbiter of Europe and Russia would become the arbiter of Asia. It had a major effect on the rest of Europe. To the rest of the Catholic world, Poland-Lithuania had replaced Russia as the main villain in Europe.
Kiril Mirkulov: All right. So what else can you tell us about the split within the Savonarolist movement?
Rev. Petar Zografov: The anti-Savonarolists within the Christian Reformation movement had also dabbled into something dangerous. Through their links with various Christian priests who were experts in Greek and Hebrew studies, they have also advocated a thorough 'Judaization' of Christianity, returning it to the ancient roots it enjoyed prior to the Edict of Milan in 313 AD when Constantine had officially made Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire, even before the Nicene Creed arose. Ironically, the 'Judaizers' also existed within the Roman Catholic Church today.
Kiril Mirkulov: How is it that the 'Judaizers' have come to dominate both the anti-Savonarolist movement that later grew into the movement we call “Shaddaism”, or basically the new kind of reformed Christianity with heavy Jewish influences?
Rev. Petar Zografov: Well, we must remember that Shaddaism had its roots with Johann Reuchlin, and one of the main tenets of Shaddaism is the complete return to the Jewish roots of Christianity. It also influenced the laws governing finance, in that it is acceptable to charge a certain amount of percentage on the loans given to financial borrowers, and that the moneylenders have the right to charge additional percentage if they were late in their payments or if they were unable to make the payment. In essence, it is a complete opposite of the Savonarolist insistence on charity, or giving aid to the poverty stricken people. Reuchlin himself coined that term, but its real godfather was Paolo Riccio. Erasmus was also a staunch Shaddaist, but he incorporated Shaddaist ideas into Catholicism, so now we have this split within the Catholic Church where it is divided into the 'Judaizer' camp and another camp, the 'Conciliares', or Conciliarists. The latter term was used to denote Catholics with pro-Savonarolist and pro-Orthodox sympathies. Although they are supporters of Savonarola's ideas, they could not officially declare themselves Savonarolists due to their positions within the Catholic hierarchy.
Kiril Mirkulov: Philip Melanchthon was one of the supporters of the Conciliarists, if I remember. However, Martin Luther was a long time skeptic of the movement. How was he able to initiate another split? The Early Modern Era is best known for the complete division of both Western and Eastern Christian Churches, so why did Luther went on a third option, so to speak?
Rev. Petar Zografov: The modern Lutheran faith was what you would call a form of Council Christianity, where there is no clear leader, and instead there is a synod where it decides on the doctrines and rituals. In Scotland today there is a strong Presbyterian movement that drew from Luther's teachings, but the Lutheran movement was confined only to a few places in northeastern Germany and Ireland. Scotland itself however, subscribes to the “Shaddaist” school of Catholicism while England is staunchly Conciliarist. What we need to remember is that the Conciliarists are practically Western Christians who enter into communion with the Patriarchate of Moscow, while the anti-Savonarolists within the Orthodox Church, the Josephites, have also declared allegiance to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, earning the nickname the 'Ecumenicalists'. The 'Ecumenicalists' are common within Greece, a few areas in Serbia and most commonly in the lands of what was the short lived Veyshnorian Kingdom before it was re-integrated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Today the Russian Orthodox Church is classified as an “Conciliar Apostolic” church, meaning that it subscribes to the teachings of Savonarola, Dmitry of Pleven and Philip Melanchthon. It shares this classification with the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Armenian Orthodox Church and our own Chernarusian Orthodox Church, though we always add 'Apostolic' after 'Orthodox'. Hence, the ROC's official name is the Russian Orthodox Apostolic Church.
Kiril Milyukov: Before we wrap up this interview, can you also tell us about Armenia's influence on both the Russian and Chernarusian Orthodox Apostolic Church?
Rev. Petar Zografov: Of course. Armenia's mainly Miaphysite influence was something that we didn't really agree on, but in the Council of Yerevan in 1676, the Russian Orthodox Church eventually made significant efforts in reconciling the dyophysite doctrines with the monophysite and miaphysite ideologies that have dogged the Eastern Christian world. However, it was mainly the rituals that nearly caused the derailment of the Council of Yerevan, as the Russian clergy accused their Armenian counterparts of practicing iconoclasm. It was not until one of the Russian priests, a certain Fyodor of Tobolsk who advocated the melding of the two distinct rituals. From the Eastern Orthodox Church, we have the adoption of the “Templon” or the temple like doors where inside, Orthodox priests conduct their rituals. There are also benches for the elderly to sit on, but no pews, like the Catholic Churches. We've also banned musical instruments inside the church to ensure that the church choir would sing with their hearts open and minds dedicated to glorifying God. However, from the Armenian Church, we've adopted the use of the Bishop's throne, mainly used when the Archbishop or the Metropolitan comes by to visit. In the Armenian Church, there are normally up to five or ten priests that normally conduct the services. To service such a large number of parishioners inside various churches throughout Russia, Alaska and Chernarus, we've decided to have seven priests help out with the church service. The construction of church buildings remained in the Byzantine model for most of the churches built in Chernarus, with the exception of Saint Tryphon Church in Samtoyevo, which was built on the model of the Armenian Church buildings. Finally, during communion, we've adopted from the Armenians the use of wine without added water.
Kiril Milyukov: Thank you, Father, for the interview today. That will be all.
Rev. Petar Zografov: And thank you too, Kiril.
---
[1] Translates to “Radio Television of the Russian Imperial Federation”, TTL's version of Russia Today.
|
|
stevep
Fleet admiral
Posts: 24,857
Likes: 13,240
|
Post by stevep on Jun 5, 2018 9:41:04 GMT
It might be a lot longer this time around.
That doesn't sound good.
|
|
stevep
Fleet admiral
Posts: 24,857
Likes: 13,240
|
Post by stevep on Jun 5, 2018 9:58:08 GMT
Duh that sounds quite a mess in terms of the number of movements and groups that are in existence. Also that in some areas the Catholic church wins out over the Savonarolist, as for instance England sounds like it follows one of the Catholic branches. Sounds also like, instead of being submerged into Russia Lithuania ends up with a liberated Poland as a major power in eastern Europe. A lot of hints about what's going on. The Savonarolist did sound rather too idealistic in TTL and their opposition to usury would be likely to have a negative impact on economical development. Its a bit ironic, with his hostility towards them OTL that Luther would come up with basically a neo-Jewish view of Christianity. Also interesting that in 2018 in TTL both the Ottoman empire and the "Holy Roman Empire, the current Hohenzollern dynasty", which sounds like its referring to 2014 rather than the 17thC are still about. Must admit that when I 1st read it I mutated the 19th June 2014 into 1914 until I read the footnote, thought TV in 1914 and looked again.  |
|
|
|
Post by TheRomanSlayer on Jun 5, 2018 15:46:58 GMT
Duh that sounds quite a mess in terms of the number of movements and groups that are in existence. Also that in some areas the Catholic church wins out over the Savonarolist, as for instance England sounds like it follows one of the Catholic branches. Sounds also like, instead of being submerged into Russia Lithuania ends up with a liberated Poland as a major power in eastern Europe. A lot of hints about what's going on. The Savonarolist did sound rather too idealistic in TTL and their opposition to usury would be likely to have a negative impact on economical development. Its a bit ironic, with his hostility towards them OTL that Luther would come up with basically a neo-Jewish view of Christianity. Also interesting that in 2018 in TTL both the Ottoman empire and the "Holy Roman Empire, the current Hohenzollern dynasty", which sounds like its referring to 2014 rather than the 17thC are still about. Must admit that when I 1st read it I mutated the 19th June 2014 into 1914 until I read the footnote, thought TV in 1914 and looked again. Yes, the split within the Savonarolist movement is significant, because of the whole ban on clergy ownership of property. However, let's not forget that the Catholic Church itself will split into the two camps already mentioned here. The dominant school ITTL would be the Shaddaist movement, or the Judaizers. This might have significant effect on the Catholic Church's relationship with the Jews. However, the Conciliarists are the Western Uniates of TTL. As we will see soon, the Josephites would be brutally suppressed with far reaching consequences. One other thing that will also be significant will be the Savonarolist stance on serfdom, as it might come to an end a lot sooner in other areas of Western and Eastern Europe, but would be killed in its infancy in Russia. Coupled along with a few improvements in land cultivation, we might see a decent boost in the global population. On the other hand, we might also see an even worse aftermath of the Second Hundred Years War Ina few unexpected places. We know a bit about the events in Korea, but if the current king's tyranny would show, it's that he might also be responsible for the decline and eventual demise of the Yangban class (Yangbans are basically educated elites who don't even perform manual labor) |
|
|
|
Post by TheRomanSlayer on Jun 10, 2018 4:12:04 GMT
Sorry for the long delay, here's the next update. Be warned: this is a bit longer than the other updates, because I had to touch base once again on the situation in China and Korea.
Case Study #17: The Second Hundred Years' War Part Three
Excerpts from King Charles VIII of France's Diary
Entry Number 127, July 17, 1510:
The moment my English ally had gone to war with the Scots once again, the might of the Holy Roman Empire has come full swing on my borders. Calais was under attack, with only 3,000 English troops garrisoned inside the city. My own forces were hard pressed against the HRE's Italian contingent forces and are currently besieging Marseille. It was by sheer luck that I have a larger fleet than the Hapsburgs, but the Italian ships are a major headache. I am aware of the fact that the Hapsburgs have started to experiment with warships, having subjugated poor Poland in order to acquire the Polish crown, and with it, the Polish warships. My friend Edward V de Plantagenet on the other hand, nearly bankrupted his own country in order to take his revenge on the Scots. Yes, the very same Scots that we were allies with until James IV had foolishly placed his trust in the damned Papacy. In these times, even my beloved wife Anne and my children are safe in Vichy while my forces are busy fighting the Imperial Army. Perhaps in a couple of months I too, shall join in the fighting.
Young Margaret has been busy with her tutors, while Henri is taking after me in my strength. They were playing with the children of other nobles who have come to visit me while I direct the war effort. I also worry that the Hapsburgs might kidnap some of my children and force them into a life they truly don't want. I wanted my children to grow up happy, but at the same time the forces of politics and nature have other ideas. Anne has constantly told me to spend more time with her, which I graciously do, every second. I don't know if I will remain alive after this war ends, but I pray to God for France to go through this torturous process of fighting off multiple enemies on two fronts. There is news that the Spaniards might join the war and invade us from the south, but they are still recovering from the war with the Granadans. At the same time, their discovery of a new land west of Europe has caused me to panic. Hence, it was my justification that I send da Verrazano on his trip to find the eastern route to the spice islands without running into any Turkish naval patrols in the area. From what I learned in da Verrazano's trip to southern Africa and even India, there are plenty of ports to use and new lands to colonize. Da Verrazano also tells me in his letters that he plans on arriving in China and Japan in the future, and to sell any guns he brought with him on his journey.
---
Excerpts from “Christian Reformation After Savonarola: A Guide”
by: Hans Miklassen
Polachak-Brudzewski State University Printing Press, published 2016
Chapter Three: The Many Branches of Western and Eastern Christianity
Few had thought that after Girolamo Savonarola had died in 1521, his movement would have survived, and many skeptics had predicted that the movement might be crushed by the boot of the Vatican. Yet at the same time the many critics of the Savonarolist ideology had also gone on to either improve on the ideology or to make a counter-argument against such a thing. Since the interview with Father Petar Zografov on Russian state television, he has written several articles about the weaknesses of the Christian faith, and its comparisons to that of Islam and Judaism. He has been a staunch advocate of Dmitry of Pleven's most cherished idea of what it means to develop a true Christian community through the labor of love. Dmitry of Pleven's ideas, along with Savonarola's idea of charity and Philip Melanchthon's idea of Christian harmony through dialogue with the other Christian sects, particularly the Miaphysite, Monophysite and Nestorian sects, have been the backbone of the Eastern Orthodox Christian movement today. It is not surprising that although modern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Korea, Alaska, Chernarus and Zilenarus are economically behind their Western European and even Polish counterparts, they are well ahead in socio-political development. It is the Savonarolist ideas that allowed the Orthodox nations to avoid the destructive peasant revolts and anti-nationalist rhetoric that have also been present in modern European and Fagundesian societies today. Here are the main schools of thought that have arisen after Savonarola's death:
- Conciliar Apostolicism of the Dmitriad, Savonarolan and Melanchthonite Thought: The mainstream idea that has dominated the Eastern Orthodox nations had its roots in Savonarola's teachings, as well as that of Dmitry of Pleven and Philip Melanchthon. It was Melanchthon himself who codified all of his teachings plus his predecessors and turned it into the Book of Spiritual Reform that has been a popular best seller in the world today. It advocates the idea of the Church involving itself in the spiritual development of their communities through the labor of love (ie: voluntary labor for the improvement of the community) and the filial piety of God and country. Although certain tenets of this school of thought has been subjected to criticism, its apologetics have pointed out that the lack of ecclesiastical ownership of property have freed the monks and priests from the temptation of worshiping money over God. Jewish scholars have also pointed out that its anti-usury rhetoric, along with the condemnation of the Jewish people for their role in Christ's death, have been the driving force of the anti-Semitic nature of Conciliar Apostolicism within the Orthodox Church, and it wasn't surprising that in the 1930s Russia had a political upheaval that led to the rise of the National Solidarists as a response to the Communalist and Equalist dictatorships that have arisen in both Europe and Asia.
- Ecumenicalism of the Josephite Thought: Formed in opposition to Dmitry of Pleven, the Josephite thought was formed by Joseph of Volokolamsk, and it defended ecclesiastical ownership of property, plus the introduction of the Orthodox version of the infamous Spanish Inquisition. The Josephite thought is also rooted in the slavish loyalty to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, since the Ecumenical Patriarch himself was opposed to the ideas that Savonarola had introduced. It was the Josephites who lost in the religious power struggle of the 1530s, resulting in their exile to the Ottoman Empire where they found support from the Greek clergy, although other Greek Orthodox Christians themselves who were opposed to the Ecumenical Patriarch's subservience to the Ottoman Sultan also found the Savonarolist ideology appealing. Ecumenicalism also found its way into the short lived Kingdom of Veyshnoria where the landed nobility was often closely aligned with the Ruthenian Orthodox clergy there, but the presence of the Conciliar Apostolic faction in Veyshnoria had also resulted in the rise of two rival Orthodox Churches there: the short lived Veyshnorian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (Josephite branch, though it was informally known as the Kievan Exarchate) and the other short lived Veyshnorian Orthodox Apostolic Church (Savonarolist-Dmitriad-Melanchthonite branch, and it was under the Moscow Patriarchate). When the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was re-established in 1592 with the help of the Tsardom of Russia, the Veyshnorian churches were subsumed into the PLC's religious structure, though Savonarolists have started to infiltrate Polish society in 1549, despite the Polish state being under the control of the Hapsburgs. Unlike the Savonarolist-Dmitriad-Melanchthonite school of thought, the Josephite school of thought eventually withered throughout the former Veyshnorian state and in parts of Serbia that were loyal to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Today the Josephite school of thought is virtually extinct.
And here are the main school of thought within the Roman Catholic Church:
- Shaddaist Catholic Branch: The “Shaddaist” school of thought is an example of the attempt to 'Judaize' the Christian faith by re-introducing certain traditions found in Judaism. Adherence to the Torah laws, and Jewish practices were re-introduced through the Greek and Hebrew studies teacher, Johann Reuchlin. However, it was Paolo Riccio who had cultivated the Judaized influence into the Catholic Church. The Shaddaist school of thought had effectively reversed the ban on usury, and allowed the charging of interests on monetary loans to both Jews and Gentile Catholics, as well as addition of interests on loans that couldn't be repaid on time. Unsurprisingly enough, the Catholic nations that subscribe to the Shaddaist school of thought were subjected to peasant rebellions and tax revolts, often followed by pogroms against the Jewish minority within those Catholic states. The Shaddaist branch have been established in the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Spanish Empire, and the Kingdom of Scotland (though the Scots themselves have been placed under the protection of the HRE in exchange for their subservience to the Papacy). However, the Shaddaist branch does not adhere to the ideas of Nohaidism, unlike their cousins in the Council Christian movement. (See below)
- Conciliar Apostolic Branch: Also known as the “Western Uniate” branch, the Conciliarists were originally Savonarolists who re-entered the Catholic Church when Francois de Tournon was elected in 1532 as Pope Eusebius II. Pope Eusebius II had initially been a supporter of Savonarola until Martin Luther's anti-Savonarolist essays had awakened him to the flaws within that system. Yet at the same time, Eusebius II had also witnessed the growing corruption within the Catholic clergy and the peasant riots over being unable to pay back their loans and the sales of indulgences had prompted him to realize that the Savonarolists had a point. His unique position as the 'Savonarolist' Pope allowed him to introduce certain aspects of the Savonarolist ideology into Catholic teachings, including the enforcement on the ban of usury. It was not until 1535 that a rival cardinal named Francisco de Quinones was rumored to be chosen to succeed Eusebius II without a papal conclave. In what was to become the Eusebian Controversy of 1536, the followers of Eusebius II relocated back to Avignon while de Quinones was elected as the new pope under the name Pope Valentine II. The Conciliarists believe in the rapprochement of the two rival Christian churches and the restoration of the five original Patriarchates after the reconquista of the Holy Land from the Ottoman Turks in a new crusade. Yet their Shaddaist enemies had correctly accused the Conciliarists of being crypto-Savonarolists and their infiltration was meant to break the Catholic Church into two parts, one of which would be open to infiltration by pro-Savonarolist and pro-Orthodox agents. Philip Melanchthon was also a member of the Conciliarist faction, and his election in 1549 as the Avignon Pope had effectively made the Conciliarists a purely French institution. One of the ideologies of the Conciliarist branch was the idea of synarchism, or the joint rule between the king and the pope. Synarchism was common in England with the ascension of the Anglo-Conciliarist Church under the authority of Edward V Plantagenet's successor, King Richard IV Plantagenet. The strong ties between the Yorkist branch of the House of Plantagenet and the English clergy was instrumental in preventing England from falling under the control of the Holy Roman Empire until 1591, when the last Plantagenet King, James I Plantagenet, died without an issue, leading to the Second War of the English Succession and the ascension of the first Council Christian King of England, King John II of the House of Dudley. Like their Conciliar Apostolic cousins in Eastern Europe, the Conciliar Catholics were also prone to anti-Semitism. Today, Conciliar Catholicism (later renamed Conciliar Apostolicism in order to unite the Christian churches within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that are both Catholic and Orthodox) is found only in France, Denmark, Finland and Poland-Lithuania (later called Greater Mazovia).
- Paleo-Catholic Branch: The unreformed Catholic Church that escaped from the Judaizing influences that led to the establishment of the Shaddaist sect and Council Christianity, this branch is notorious for its ultra-conservative and anti-reformist attitude. However, the Paleo-Catholics are the only Christian sect to have an autocephalous status within Western Christendom, having established itself in Ireland during the 1570s in what was then the Irish Counter-Reformation. The Paleo-Catholics adhere to the traditions of the Catholic Church prior to the rise of Girolamo Savonarola, and its ties to Irish national identity is immense in the face of the Anglo-Scottish cultural divide that created the subgroups of Liensterians and Ulsterians. Curiously enough, the Spanish Empire also tolerates the Paleo-Catholics and even competed with the Irish and the Italians for the title of 'leader of Catholicism'. It is also prone to anti-Semitism, like its Conciliar Apostolic counterparts in both Eastern and Western churches. However, its anti-Orthodox stance makes the Paleo-Catholics widely hated by both the Conciliar Apostolics of the Orthodox movement and the Council Christians. Paleo-Catholicism is also popular in Italy and the Crown of Aragon, as well as the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.
Different Kind of Christianity:
- Council Christianity: As the name suggest, Council Christianity is unique in the fact that it has no clear leader for the parishioners to follow. Instead, it is governed by what is known as the Council of Elders, which consisted of old men who have been selected due to their intellect and dedication to God. Although it shares some characteristics with the Shaddaist branch of the Catholic faith, it is significantly different in that Council Christians have also adopted the Noahide Laws in addition to the various Jewish traditions that was also adopted in the Shaddaist movement. Council Christianity is divided into three school of thoughts: Tyndalean, named after the English Reformer William Tyndale, Lutheran, named after Martin Luther, and Hubmaierian, after another German Reformer and prominent Anabaptist, Balthasar Hubmaier. The most notable places in the world that follow Council Christianity are England (after the fall of the House of York and the rise of the House of Dudley, which subscribed to the Tyndalean branch of Council Christianity) and certain parts of what is now modern Germany, in the Schleswig-Holstein region. Historically, Council Christians have faced hostility from both Shaddaist and Conciliarist movements, primarily due to the more influential leaders that arose from this movement. Martin Luther is most credited with the creation of this movement, due to his close interactions with the Jewish community in Nuremberg. To the Shaddaist movement, Council Christians have been thoroughly Judaized that it is reduced to nothing more than Judaism in the guise of a Christian sect. To the Conciliarists, the Council Christian movement is a heresy that has no place in Christendom, and coupled with the anti-Semitic influences within the Conciliarist movement, it is not surprising that Council Christianity also gave birth to the modern Communalist and Equalist movements[1]. The Socialist Federal Republic of Britannia in the 1990s fell apart due to the religious differences that was tied to ethnic nationalist rhetoric coming from both London and Glasgow, with Ireland becoming the scene of the worst atrocities since the Second Great World War.
---
Excerpts from “France's Hand in Asian Piracy”
by: Malcolm Ragnarsson
Black Pigeon Publishing Press, published 2014
Chapter Four: The Franco-Ryukyuan Exchange
Da Verrazano's journey throughout Africa and India had given France an opportunity to build a new power center in the absence of an existing possibility that they might have been able to carve for themselves a new stake in the race for the New World. From his role in the establishment of several colonies in southern Africa that later became known as the French Royal Dominion of Nouvelle Provence, or New Provence, Giovanni Da Verrazano also played a key role in establishing the first French protectorate/enclave in southern India, in the Kerala region the French designated as the Colony of Kerala. It was the French presence in Kerala that Da Verrazano and several other French navigation crew were able to find the nearby island the Sinhalese called Sri Lanka, though it was control by the Kingdom of Kotte. The Kingdom of Kotte controlled most of the island, but its strategic position between the Spice Islands and Africa also gave the French an incentive to establish a relationship with the local kingdom. The local king there, Vijayabahu VII of Kotte, was anxious and fearful of the French presence there, but Da Verrazano was able to secure a favorable trade deal with the king of Kotte that included the sale of firearms to the Kotte state in exchange for the acquisition of pearls. In addition, Vijayabahu VII also gave the French permission to build a fort and harbor in the northern region of the Kingdom of Kotte, and between May 1511 and August 1511 a new fort was completed, named Fort Normandy, after the region of Normandy in northern France. Subsequently, the harbor's completion also led to the founding of Yalpanam as a French settlement, though the existing city of Nallur was the capital of another Sri Lankan kingdom of Aryacakravarti.
With most of the Sri Lankan island under French influence, Da Verrazano continued his journey into the Far East, with the French navigation fleet consisting of twelve new ships that joined him from Nouvelle Provence plus his original fleet. All of his warships were armed with cannons and they've also stocked enough ammunition in case they get in trouble with any local resistance movement there. However in January of 1512 when Da Verrazano had set out once again, this time to search for a route to China or Japan, they came across a rather large island while another ship spotted a narrow strait between two land entities. It was at this time that Da Verrazano's fleet had come across the Straits of Malacca, though they were careful not to sail too close to either side of the straits. After just twenty hours of careful navigation, the fleet moved northeast, as far away from the Malay Peninsula as possible. By February of 1512, Da Verrazano's fleet arrived in the Ryukyu Kingdom, amidst the Ryukyuan colonization of Kawahata Island and the growing Ryukyuan control over that region. Da Verrazano and the French delegation presented themselves to Sho Shin's court and the King of Ryukyu was impressed by the size of the French navigation ships that accompanied the Italian born navigator all the way to Ryukyu. As in the Kingdom of Kotte, Da Verrazano offered Sho Shin the same trade deal terms he offered Vijayabahu VII: sales of French weapons in exchange for goods from the buyer country. In Sho Shin's case, the French offer to build a weapons factory to mass produce French arquebuses for Ryukyu's army was more than just a lucrative offer: it also opened up the possibility of Ryukyu selling those same French-built arquebus and later matchlock rifles to the various daimyos of Kyushu and Shikoku. However, the French themselves beat the Ryukyuans to the punch when Da Verrazano left three days later to make his way into Japan, landing in the small port of Makurazaki, in the Satsuma Domain under the control of the Ouchi-Mori alliance. In Makurazaki, Da Verrazano was met by an entourage led by Ouchi Yoshioki himself. The clansman asked the strange foreigner of his purpose for visiting his domain. Da Verrazano responded by asking for a trade deal with him, but Yoshioki himself stated that he was not authorized to do so, and that the French delegation should travel to Kyoto under heavy guard in order to meet the Shogun himself, who was Ashikaga Yoshizumi. In Kyoto, Da Verrazano and Ashikaga Yoshizumi had a long conversation on the travels he made all the way from France. Like his dealings with Sho Shin, the Shogun was interested in the weapons the French brought with them, like the arquebus and matchlocks. However, to Da Verrazano's surprise, the Shogun had presented the French a well made naginata, plus a newly forged katana that Da Verrazano assumed that was meant to be a gift to his overlord (Charles VIII of France), as well as a wakizashi. In addition, Japanese silk and tea were also given to Da Verrazano and his French colleagues, and one sailor even expressed interest in staying with the Japanese in order to learn more about them, as well as to teach French to interested Japanese nobles who might one day have to speak to other Europeans who would eventually come to Japan. Originally named Jacques Cartier, upon his stay in Japan he was given the Japanese name of Anzai Masahiro [2], and under him, a new Japanese clan was founded, the Anzai clan. The Anzai clan was the first Japanese clan to be founded of European origin, with Jacques Cartier also becoming the first foreign born samurai to be employed by the Ashikaga Shogunate as a shipwright, with the foundation of the first Japanese shipyard in Matsuyama. Matsuyama subsequently became the new fief that was awarded to Anzai in 1515, which was a requirement for Anzai to build his new shipyard that specialized in the production of French style galleons and carracks, though by 1556 fortress ships known as Yosaisens (basically a hybrid of a frigate and a Korean panokseon ship) were built, making it Japan's first fully fledged sail based warship. Yosaisens were also used as cargo ships, though sekibunes were also preferred.
The invention of the yosaisen was not merely by accident: in the autumn of 1514, a Korean ship belonging to a navy deserter who fled from the chaos unfolding in Korea had landed in Matsuyama, seeking refuge. The unnamed deserter was met by one of the samurais who served the Shimazu clan who was taken to Anzai's manor to meet Anzai himself. Curious at the presence of a ship much bigger than the atakebune, though slightly smaller than the Yosaisens, Anzai started to investigate the design and appearance of the panokseon and started to interrogate the deserter on how it was made. Through the questioning of the deserter, Anzai was able to learn a new kind of technique that was risky, but effective: the usage of wood pegs to hold the ship together, making the hull of the ship much stronger and longer lasting. In addition, the deserter also explained that oak and pine wood are the best type of wood to be used in the construction of ships, a fact that many in Europe have declared it common knowledge. Moreover, the panokseon was built with two types of hull: the lower hull for the rowers and the upper hull for the cannon loaders. Anzai and ten apprentices that were hired from among Japan's lowest caste (the burakumin) started to design such a ship. Furthermore, Anzai's decision to hire burakumin and other low caste peasantry for construction of the Yosaisens was subject to a much debated controversy within the old school daimyo circles, who viewed the gaijin's view on the Japanese caste system as radical and menacing, began to plot for his murder. However, the Ashikaga shogun had explicitly forbade such actions, threatening them with execution if they did so. Some minor clan lords though, were impressed by Anzai Masahiro's innovative design for the new ships of the Ashikaga shogunate's navy. In October of 1515 when the first Yosaisen was completed, Anzai and the burakumin ship crew demonstrated its power and ability in front of an amazed Japanese public. In addition to the shipyard in Matsuyama, a cannon foundry was also built to produce artillery pieces for the Yosaisens, although various matchlock guns and large pistols were also made for various armies of all daimyos. Such an enterprise had allowed the Anzai clan to establish themselves also as the noveau riche of medieval Japan, and was rumored to have become as rich as the Ashikaga shogunate, although Anzai himself had always invested his wealth in procuring more arable land for his burakumin servants and construction of Buddhist temples.
The influence of the Yosaisen was rather large that it became synonymous with Asia's rise to prominence and parity with Europe. It also symbolized the new kind of interaction between European and Asian civilizations, although yosaisens were also notorious for its adoption by the Ryukyu Kingdom's main naval fleet and wokou pirates were also known to work aboard yosaisens. In fact, in 1518 Anzai himself sailed to Ryukyu on a trading mission from the Ashikaga shogun to deliver fifty new matchlocks to Kinjo Rokuro, upon the request of Sho Shin himself. In Ryukyu and in Kawahata Island, the yosaisen had won admirers from the wokou, and Anzai's first interaction with the wokou was over a cup of sake. Anzai himself had accepted the offer for the construction of ten more yosaisens to Kinjo, unaware that 'Kinjo' was actually Hosokawa Takakuni. It also helped 'Kinjo' that Anzai was not interested in court politics that killed off most of the Hosokawa clan members. The adoption of the yosaisen by the wokou had contributed to the massive increase in wokou raids along the Chinese and Korean coastlines, and were also pivotal in the defense of Ryukyu from the Ming invasion. However, Anzai had never forgotten his French roots and had requested to the Ashikaga shogun to allow the sale of his yosaisen to the French should they ever come back again. The shogun agreed, seeing the French as a capable ally. In 1523 when Da Verrazano returned to Japan with the news of the Second Hundred Years' War involving Anzai's native France, Anzai donated three yosaisens to Da Verrazano, pleading with him to bring the blueprints as well to Charles VIII of France, and to France's other allies in the Grand Alliance. The news of a French style ship made in Japan had caused an uproar in London, Copenhagen, Paris and Moscow, along with Da Verrazano's delivery of Japanese style large matchlock pistols, which were nicknamed 'Cartier guns' in honor of Anzai's original identity. Finally, the introduction of the nagamaki and the light weight naginata as pole weapons for the newly created French yeomanry assembled in 1524 in preparation for the French attack on Charleroi, when a French force led by Prince Henri de Valois staged a daring raid behind Hapsburg lines, armed with French crossbows and the nagamaki was used to fight two armed enemy cavalry at the same time. The devastation from the weapons introduced from Japan had resulted in the stalemate between the Pact of Ravenna and the Grand Coalition, and the nagamaki was also adopted by the English and Danish cavalry, but not the Muscovite cavalry (both the Muscovite and Polish-Lithuanian cavalries opted to use the naginata style fauchard polearms, as well as lances and sabers, but by 1615 the succeeding Russian Tsardom would create a double sided sovnya polearm for their cavalry unit, taking inspiration from the nagamaki).
---
France – Entrenched and Invaded:
When Charles VIII of France learned of the conflict in the British Isles and the Hapsburg advance towards French territory, he immediately mobilized his army to counter the Hapsburg threat. Savonarolists within France understood that the new war that was brought upon them was the first major test to see how the Savonarolist movement will survive the fires of war, especially with the inevitable rise of the Inquisition in Europe. News of the three Iberian kingdoms' plans to enter the war right away were leaked through French spies, but the truth was that each king of those respective crowns were too busy trying to create new colonies to care about the Second Hundred Years' War until their entry in 1516 when Charles VIII launched an attempt to conquer the small kingdom of Navarre in order to stop a possible Spanish invasion (the Seville Decree had officially established the United Kingdom of Greater Spain in 1515). In the early stages of the Second Hundred Years' War, the Holy Roman Empire launched an attack on Marseille in order to capture it so they could provide a safe passage for the Neapolitan troops who volunteered to fight alongside their fellow Italian and German comrades against the heretical French Kingdom. The situation was further inflamed when Pope Alexander VI in his statement during the Siege of Marseille, explicitly said that the war against the French is a holy war to rid the world of the toxic Savonarolist ideology and to exterminate the Savonarolan adherents. Indeed, when Toulon fell to the Hapsburgs in October of 1510 after a three month siege that started back in July, the Hapsburg armies rounded up every Savonarolist they could find, and after a kangaroo court trial that was similar to the Inquisition found 1,900 Savonarolists guilty of heresy, they were impaled and had their legs burnt alive. The Toulon Massacre of 1510 had aroused outrage from Savonarolists around Europe, and a tit-for-tat retaliatory attack was launched, with the French offensive against the Hapsburgs in the capture of Mulhouse in December 14, 1510, and the capture of 2,300 German Catholics by French troops, who subsequently proceeded to slaughter them with their swords. Though this was before the introduction of Da Verrazano's Japanese 'exchange gifts' to the court of Charles VIII, the French royal army acquired a reputation for savagery against their Catholic enemies. Savonarolists also joined the French army, and were among the earliest members in the formation of the French yeomans that were equipped with the nagamaki swordstaff (apparently the Savonarolan yeomans decided to rename it the Pontian lance, ironically in honor of the man who condemned Jesus to death). During the Second Hundred Years' War, the Savonarola villages suddenly became legitimate targets for Hapsburg troops to plunder and burn, forcing the Savonarolists to adopt the survival tactic of foraging. Most of the time, the Savonarolan yeomans and irregular troops (also called 'Righteous Armies') launched daring raids on occupied French cities under Hapsburg control.
The French navy also expanded its fleet size, with the shipyards mass producing warships faster than they could be destroyed, but constant raids by Hapsburg ships had forced Charles VIII to authorize the construction of fortresses along France's borders with the Holy Roman Empire, and on the northern coast, facing the English Channel. At the same time, most of the admirals were already in far flung places like Nouvelle Provence and Japan, and had no idea that the war had already started. For the first few years of the Second Hundred Years' War, the French mostly stuck to taking defensive measures while resorting to guerrilla warfare in order to weaken the Hapsburg invasion. Meanwhile, its English ally was also hard pressed against the Scots until Denmark's entry into the war on the Grand Alliance side allowed John II of Denmark to deploy its naval force in order to help the English by staging raids against Scottish positions in its northern regions. With Scotland possessing a smaller fleet, the Danish diversions was immensely helpful to the English, who took advantage of the Scottish distraction to advance into the rest of the Scottish lowlands. Starting in December 28, Dumfires and Gretna Green fell to English control. Norwegian auxilliary troops serving under the Danish crown landed in Montrose by January 9, 1511 in order to force the Scots into a two front war at the same time. Because Scotland barely had troops to defend its home territory, James IV started to rely more on Irish auxilliaries for the defense of Ireland, but even they were no match for the well prepared and well trained English forces, who proceeded to move past their occupied territories in southern Ireland. Cork was besieged by the English Army under Richard Pole's command while the combined English and half of the French fleet provided the naval bombardment. English yeomans harrassed Scottish garrisons throughout Ireland, though their effectiveness was neutralized by the emergence of the Irish light cavalry units. Like their English adversaries, the Irish yeomans were also lightly armed, and often raided English forces whenever they felt like it. However, the only difference is that the Irish yeomans had no light armor to wear while the English yeomans were equipped with chain mail armor. The Irish heavy cavalry that served the Scottish crown were more effective when dealing with regular English cavalry (ie: non-yeomans), and in the raid on the English occupied city of Youghal, the Irish heavy cavalry managed to inflict significant casualties upon the English troops in the area.
Because of the Holy Roman Empire's invasion of France, Charles VIII could not spare any soldiers to help the English with their Irish reconquest. He did however, provided five French warships (galleon sized, not yosaisen sized) for the naval bombardment. In addition, he also authorized the construction of the smaller sized carracks that could be used for raiding Hapsburg merchant ships, and later on they were used in the raids on Spanish ports by 1532. The Savonarolists who were within the French Army eventually developed their own military tradition that the other nations within the Grand Alliance had coveted. For instance, a French Savonarolist by the name of Odet de Coligny had been responsible for introducing Huguenot style military doctrine to the armies of Denmark and Russia in the 1560s, while Gaspard II de Coligny had built the famous Colignian Naval Doctrine that was in use, even today. His experience came from the infamous Japanese Wokou raids against Chinese and Korean ports while working as an observer with the Wokou fleet that included the famous Kohata Kusaka, the man who would build a short lived Wokou state in northern Luzon called the Kingdom of Shonan, or the Kingdom of the Southern Light. The emergence of the de Coligny family occurred during the Second Hundred Years' War, with the brothers becoming prominent French emigre military leaders.
---
East Asia - Civil Wars
Three years before the Second Hundred Years' War had begun, there were two separate civil wars that broke out in China and Korea. In China, the civil war was caused by the power struggle between the three surviving siblings of the late Hongzhi Emperor, and the indifference of the succeeding Zhengde Emperor to the affairs of the state had aroused hostility from both Zhu Houwei and Zhu Xiurong. With the Ming Civil War of 1507-1509 breaking out, Zhu Xiurong had proclaimed a rival government in Anhua, with the Prince of Anhua acting as its provisional leader. Zhu Houwei would do the same, by throwing support for the Prince of Ning in the emergence of another breakaway state called the Kingdom of Ning in southern China. In addition, various peasant rebellions over the corruption of the eunuchs in the Ming court had erupted, with various cities like Luoyang, Wan, Chengdu and Xi'an becoming centers of peasant rebellions. The Zhengde Emperor tried to restore order there, but the intrigues of the Prince of Anhua had prevented him from sending Ming troops to quell the peasant rebellion. In fact, the Prince of Anhua had recruited these very same peasant rebels for his army, though they were poorly trained and poorly equipped. Zhu Houwei and the Kingdom of Ning on the other hand, had access to the Ming troops who mutinied against their commanders and proclaimed their loyalty to him and to the Kingdom of Ning. To add insult to injury, the Ming also lost Qi Jingtong to the rebels, emerging as the head of the army of Ning.
Hanyang was attacked by the Anhua forces on July of 1509 when the Prince of Anhua besieged the city. Although the siege lasted only six hours (the poor condition of the Anhua military was not taken advantage of by the Ming loyalist forces because their officers were also outraged by the logistical problems they faced and by the eunuchs who often overrule them), neither side was able to gain the upper hand. However, a good amount of peasant soldiers were killed by the Ming forces, thus technically the tactical victory went to the Ming loyalist forces. Unfortunately, peasant revolts occurred in the coastal areas of China, and buoyed by the news that the eunuchs had essentially turned the Zhengde Emperor into their plaything, they launched a massacre against the upper classes. In an incident called the Bloodbath of Taizhou, twelve noblemen and forty merchants were slaughtered by angry peasants. In retaliation, the surviving army commander of Taizhou who belonged to the nobility had launched an attack on the nearby village of Wenzhou and slaughtered 300 peasants.As the Zhengde Emperor began to resort to more authoritarian methods of suppressing the peasant rebellions, the surviving peasants who escaped the pro-Zhengde massacres found themselves serving the breakway kingdoms arisen in opposition to the Zhengde Emperor.
Unlike the civil war in Joseon, the civil war in China only ended with the abrupt Mongol raids into Chinese territory. Dayan Khan's expedition into Beijing had started back in late 1508 and early 1509, with the sole intention of dealing as much damage as possible to the Ming while they had a civil war. Gansu however, was conquered permanently under Dayan Khan's forces, and while the Zhengde Emperor launched ineffective raids into Mongol territory. During the expedition against the Khalkha Mongols in Kokegota, the Zhengde Emperor and 500 cavalry troops fell into an ambush laid out by Dayan Khan himself. The ineffectiveness of the Zhengde Emperor was costly: he was captured by the Mongols and brought to Karakorum where Dayan Khan had him whipped and had his back broken as a symbol of humiliation. With the death of the Zhengde Emperor, Zhu Houwei was formally enthroned as the next emperor. Zhu Houwei was given the regnal name of 'Qianshou', or 'thousand hands', referring to his hands-on learning when he was still a prince. Since the Qianshou Emperor was only fourteen, his regent was the Prince of Ning, Zhu Chenhao, who was happy to rein in place of the 14 year old Zhu Houwei. Zhu Xiurong on the other hand, was married off to a minor Chinese general who was stationed at the border with the Northern Yuan.
Meanwhile in Korea, the insanity and tyranny of Yeonsangun of Joseon had caused a civil war to break out in the first place. During the same time as the Ming Civil War, several surviving brothers like Yi Gwan, or Prince Yiseong, Yi Jeon/Prince Yeongan and Yi Hui/Prince Yangwon had raised separate armies of their own and took control of four areas of Korea. Yeonsangun controlled the central heartland of Korea while Prince Yeongan took over the lands surrounding Pyongyang. Prince Yangwon took over the southeastern area of Korea, around the Busan area, and Prince Yiseong took over the northern borderlands overlooking the Manchu heartland. Prince Yiseong also won the loyalty of the elite Korean Army of the North, a specially trained cavalry unit that specialized in the combat against Jurchen raiders. Most of the yangbans who feared the rage of Yeonsangun gravitated towards the other brothers' domains in order to survive, although the four brothers also complained and grew irritated at their apparent uselessness against Yeonsangun. Yeonsangun's army attacked Pyongyang on October 19, 1507, with the sole intention of destroying Yeongan's forces and killing his brother in the process. Prince Yangwon took over most of the naval fleet that guarded the southern coasts from Japanese Wokou pirates and began to blockade several areas of Korea still under the control of Yeonsangun. To make matters worse for Yeonsangun, the Army of the North began to stage raids into territories controlled by Yiseong's other brothers who viewed him as a threat to their positions. While Korea's neighbor to the north, the Jurchen tribes that often raid Korean territory, would have loved to take advantage of the internal turmoil inside, the Jurchen people as a whole were divided into the Yeren, Haixi and Jianzhou subgroups. All three of these Jurchen groups often fought each other for supremacy until 1508 when a Yeren Jurchen warrior who was named as Ayaneje had rallied his tribe and began attacking both the Haixi and Jianzhou Jurchens. Ayaneje belonged to the Sartuk Hala clan, a clan that dominated the furthest region of what is now the Russian Autonomous Principality of Manchuria. Although he, like many other Jurchens, was illiterate, he took it upon himself to search for a scholar from either the Chinese, the Mongols or the Koreans to help him achieve his goal of learning how to read and write. A chance meeting with a captured Korean Yangban taken by the Jianzhou Jurchens in March of 1508 was brought into the home of Ayaneje. It was by sheer luck that the Yangban in captivity was capable of writing both in the Chinese characters and the Korean script known as the Hangul. Seeing the beauty of the Hangul, Ayaneje and the captive Yangban started spending time studying the Hangul and how to write it. Even as Ayaneje divulged into acquiring literacy for himself and his people, the Yeren Jurchens continued its struggle against the other Jurchens until an envoy from a local Korean town was brought to the border with the Jurchens and asked for the captured Yangban to come back. However, the captive Yangban, who happened to have escaped from the destruction that Yeonsangun had brought into the Korean learning institutions, chose to stay with Ayaneje. The brutal conflict between the princes had resulted in more Korean peasants choosing to gamble on their lives by moving northwards, into the territories that was controlled by the Jianzhou Jurchens.
Back in Korea, Yeonsangun's offensive against Yeongan in Pyongyang had finally succeeded in capturing the vital city. Once inside, Yeonsangun's forces rounded up every Yangban they could find (the ones who weren't lucky enough to escape to the Jurchen-held lands) and slaughtered them. Their entire families were also massacred, just for having a child who became a yangban. Yeongan himself wasn't lucky, as Yeonsangun's agents had quickly located him in a Buddhist temple. He was dragged out of the temple and was promptly beheaded by Yeonsangun himself. For harboring the defeated prince, Yeonsangun torched the Buddhist temple and massacred its inhabitants entirely. Not a single Buddhist monk was spared, especially the children apprentices. When news of Yeongan's execution reached Princes Yangwon and Yiseong in their respective bases, they only increased the recruitment of soldiers into their armies, aware of the growing insanity that their brother had now. However, the soldiers who served the executed Yeongan were split: some of them defected to Yeonsangun's army while the other half defected to Yiseong's camp. The brutal civil war also had a huge effect on the average Korean peasantry, as Yeonsangun's anti-Yangban campaigns had also garnered support from the lower classes as they constantly resented the privileged lives that the yangbans had led. The areas south of Hanseong erupted in anti-yangban violence as peasants, buoyed by the propaganda emitted by the Yeonsangun loyalists, and in the Daegu Massacre of June 15, 1508 where 70 yangbans were murdered by the peasantry, the rebellions also had a class warfare rhetoric inserted in it. Modern Korean Equalist activists have placed an emphasis on the anti-yangban rebellions that was tied to the Joseon Civil War as the first example of class warfare, though the peasants themselves had no clear goals on what they wanted to do once the yangban class was virtually eliminated.
The massacres of yangbans had a profound effect on the Korean literary class, as the junior ranked yangbans who were lucky enough to escape to Jurchen territory, brought with them their knowledge of Confucian and Buddhist classics. However, the very same Jurchen hosts from the Haixi, Jianzhou and Yeren entities grew irritated and hostile when the yangbans tried to recreate their lifestyle at the expense of the Jurchen peoples and threatened them with deporation back to Joseon, which meant a possible death sentence, unless they learned to embrace the virtue of physical labour. One such yangban who became a trusted advisor to Ayaneje was a man called Lee Tae Hyun, who also helped build the first literary school to teach Jurchen children how to write using Korean Hangul. Even in the southern regions, anti-yangban rebellion had spread its deadly influence. One such incident was the mutiny at Hansan island where a panoksun crew revolted over lack of food and pay. The captain of this panoksun, was the same man who led the crew away from Joseon and sought refuge in Japan, leading to the exchange with Anzai Masahiro, formerly known as Jacques Cartier. The mutiny at Hansan Island was one of the main contributor to the growth of the Wokou piracy, as the designs of the panoksun was later combined with the structure of the French galleon ship to create the infamous Yosaisens[3]. Throughout Korea, Princes Yiseong and Yangwon spent more time suppressing the peasant revolts than fighting Yeonsangun, a factor that almost led to Yeonsangun's victory over his brothers. It was not until 1510 when Prince Yiseong launched an offensive to retake Pyongyang from Yeonsangun that the peasant revolts began to die down, although Yiseong's decision to hire the Jianzhou Jurchen mercenaries only enflamed further anger from the peasants who became more supportive of Yeonsangun. Additionally, Prince Yangwon's naval offensive to restore order in southeastern Korea became successful with the rapid reconquest of Wonsan and Hamhung, with the help of Prince Yiseong's Jurchen mercenaries. 1511 saw the final battles of the Joseon Civil War between Yeonsangun and his two remaining brothers as Pyongyang fell to Prince Yiseong's forces, forcing Yeonsangun to make his final stand in Hanseong. The Siege of Hanseong in May 27, 1511, was literally Yeonsangun's last stand. The siege lasted just five days, though there were mass desertions from Yeonsangun's own army once his insanity took a toll on his health and started executing innocent military leaders for even a tiny mistake. The only success on Yeonsangun's part was the accidental death of Prince Yangwon when his ship went through a hurricane in Korea's southern coast, just outside Namhae. The ship he commanded had struck a rock, and the turbulence caused him to fall into the sea, and with no help forthcoming, he drowned. He died one day before Yeonsangun and his family were slaughtered by Prince Yiseong's army once they captured Hanseong.
The aftermath of the Joseon Civil War was tragic: almost half of Korea's scholarly elite were wiped out, three quarters of Korea's schools were burned down and 120,000 ordinary peasants died in the conflict. The social issues that have plagued the Korean state was addressed by Prince Yiseong, who took the throne on June 4, 1511, and in one of his planned reforms, he abolished the yangban class, seeing them as educated parasites who benefited from the labour of the lower classes. In addition, the Joseon Civil War had also alerted Prince Yiseong to the woeful reality that Korea had no proper formal army in the south. Starting in July of 1511, Prince Yiseong, now King Yiseong, along with Park Won Jong and Seong Hui Ahn, reformed the Korean legal code and instituted a mandatory military training for aspiring government officials seeking civil service. In essence, Korea became the first nation in the world to institute the policy of mandatory military service for those seeking to enter civil service. Korean military personnel who excelled in both academic and marital studies were also elevated to the rank of nobility, and were also given land and several peasants to govern. King Yiseong's new socio-political reform addressed the main problem of the yangbans refraining from physical labour, as it allowed them to experience first hand the hardships of the peasantry. Buddhist temples that were burned down during the reign of Yeonsangun were rebuilt, often with the monetary contribution from former Yeonsangun supporters who were stripped of their wealth and titles. Confucian studies were becoming less relevant, paving for the rise of secular studies instead. New schools were also built, with another siginificant new law passed down by King Yiseong, making formal education for all of Korea's children, regardless of social status, mandatory. This ambitious project would allow the recovery of Korea's literary elite to the level it had before the Joseon Civil War broke out. As for Yiseong himself, he also initiated a controversial rule of succession that was reminiscent of the Ottoman practice whenever a new Sultan arose to succeed the previous ruler: upon the ascension of a new king, the king's brothers were to be killed to prevent a succession war. It was quickly repealed in 1589, when his grandson, King Yeonghwan, quickly abolished the law, replacing it with the policy of exiling princes to either Jeju Island or Hansan Island.
---
[1] Communalism is TTL's mixture of communism and anarchism. Basically libertarian socialism, where as Equalism is TTL's version of communism and socialism.
[2] Anzai Masahiro is basically OTL Jacques Cartier, only if he had decided to stay in Japan and assimilate instead of staying in French service.
[3] Yosaisen is technically the fusion of a Korean panoksun and a European galleon ship. Although it boasts a European style mast to help it navigate around the open seas, its two decks are inspired by the panoksuns. It is translated to as 'fortress ship'.
[AUTHOR's NOTE: There will be constant retconning in this update due to the additions to one of the segments. Concerning England, that was the hardest part since ITTL there may not be the rise of the Netherlands, but at the same time the Dutch would have a role to play, though in a similar setting to OTL Prussia. I actually wanted England to become the mercantile nation that was almost like its OTL counterpart, but minus the unity with Scotland and Ireland. I will also create a short segment on the alternate history within the alternate history on the question of "What if the Holy Roman Empire had accepted the rapprochement with Russia?", leading to a completely different result from the one in this timeline. After much consternation, I have decided to keep France intact as a great power as to flex their muscles in Africa and Asia, replacing Portugal.]
|
|
stevep
Fleet admiral
Posts: 24,857
Likes: 13,240
|
Post by stevep on Jun 10, 2018 11:19:08 GMT
Gods that was a big update. Think I followed most of it. A lot of foreshadowing of future events as well.
Sounds like basically the reformation fails in the bulk of Europe, albeit with some reforms of Catholicism. England and Denmark are outliers with a somewhat different belief system and France is conquered but a number of French exile states are established. On the other hand we have the weird and short-lived Socialist Federal Republic of Britannia which fell apart in part because of those religious divisions. The HRE still survives, somehow and sounds like the major player in Europe west of a large and presumably powerful Russia.
In the east a lot of chaos but suggestions that Asian, or at least the eastern parts are going to be similar to Europe in terms of power rather than falling under western domination. Also a hit that the Anzai clan won't be the only one founded by a western which would mean massive changes in Japanese society.
Given the clashes the Portuguese had with the Ottomans OTL in the Indian Ocean and related regions I wonder how much of a threat the latter will be to French influence in the Indian Ocean. France is a lot more powerful than Portugal but is also very heavily pressed by enemies in Europe and falls in the not too distant future to them so as OTL you could see a revival of Ottoman influence in the Indian Ocean as well. Which could mean further clashes with both European and E Asian powers.
|
|
|
|
Post by TheRomanSlayer on Jun 10, 2018 19:15:37 GMT
Gods that was a big update. Think I followed most of it. A lot of foreshadowing of future events as well. Sounds like basically the reformation fails in the bulk of Europe, albeit with some reforms of Catholicism. England and Denmark are outliers with a somewhat different belief system and France is conquered but a number of French exile states are established. On the other hand we have the weird and short-lived Socialist Federal Republic of Britannia which fell apart in part because of those religious divisions. The HRE still survives, somehow and sounds like the major player in Europe west of a large and presumably powerful Russia. In the east a lot of chaos but suggestions that Asian, or at least the eastern parts are going to be similar to Europe in terms of power rather than falling under western domination. Also a hit that the Anzai clan won't be the only one founded by a western which would mean massive changes in Japanese society. Given the clashes the Portuguese had with the Ottomans OTL in the Indian Ocean and related regions I wonder how much of a threat the latter will be to French influence in the Indian Ocean. France is a lot more powerful than Portugal but is also very heavily pressed by enemies in Europe and falls in the not too distant future to them so as OTL you could see a revival of Ottoman influence in the Indian Ocean as well. Which could mean further clashes with both European and E Asian powers. Right now, the HRE and the rest of the Catholic powers are gunning for France because they see them as the lynchpin of the Savonarolist movement. However, there are some things that I need to retcon, namely the issues relating to, oddly enough, France. Because I'm the last update da Verrazano had introduced to the French certain Japanese style weapons like the nagamaki (double bladed swords) that are useful for the cavalry), as well as the naginata (pole arm used by cavalry). Let's say the conquest of France would be extremely costly due to the Savonarolista carrying out the guerrilla attacks. Another thing I need to retcon would be the roster for which nations are following which sect of Christianity. So far, England and Denmark are Conciliar Apostolic Catholics, but it could also change to England going full "Protestant" in the form of Council Christianity. That might leave Denmark and Poland-Lithuania as the sole remaining Conciliar Catholics (Western Uniates). However, judging by how Westernized the Russian state would be, its church might resemble a mix of both OTL Armenian and OTL Greek Catholic Churches, minus the loyalty to the Pope. Although it would be nice to have France survive this ordeal, albeit either weakened or with a few territorial losses. The Ottomans on the other hand, might act on the basis of how the French would be weakened. If they were weakened greatly, they could take advantage of the absence of the French and Portuguese to establish trading posts and even possibly acquire territory in India and SE Asia, depending on how large Ottoman power projection would be like. However, the HRE, due to the Second Hundred Years' War, would be bankrupted greatly to the point where their financial problems would lead to its collapse and the emerging various Italian and German successor states. I also threw in a hint at the rejection of the rapprochement between the HRE and Russia, since that might lead to the restoration of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Actually, I might also do an alternate timeline one shot scenario within this alternate timeline scenario, of what if the HRE and Russia accepted the rapprochement, though that PoD would require either the Hohenzollerns adopting Conciliar Catholicism (Western Uniate sect) or the Dutch House of Nassau becoming the dominant ruling dynasty in Germany (a play on the Dutch playing the role of OTL Prussia). Council Christianity is basically TTL's official Protestant movement in a sense that it rejects the authority of a pope or patriarch. In this case, Europe might lessen the anti-Semitic behaviour, except for Russia and Denmark. That alternate-within-alternate scenario could also develop into a much stronger Ryukyu kingdom that expands past Taiwan into OTL Philippines and Japan colonizing the Pacific Northwest, or Japan becoming the world's largest mercantile Empire in the same vein as OTL Britain (though it might require a peaceful unification of Ryukyu and Korea to work), plus a huge cultural revolution that mixes the Japanese, Ryukyuan and Korean cultures together. Goig back to the Ottomans, the presence of a stronger Catholic Europe might instead lead to a geopolitical skate up in the form of the Russo-Turkish alliance. Coupled with a much more tolerant Russian state that gives Muslims and Buddhists autonomy, that would provide a much more stable relationship in the long run. The absence of the Jewish population that came from Spain and Portugal would also result in a much closer relations between Christians and Muslims. |
|
lordroel
Administrator
Posts: 68,033
Likes: 49,439
|
Post by lordroel on Jun 10, 2018 19:20:15 GMT
Sorry for the long delay, here's the next update. Be warned: this is a bit longer than the other updates, because I had to touch base once again on the situation in China and Korea. Case Study #17: The Second Hundred Years' War Part Three
Excerpts from King Charles VIII of France's Diary
Entry Number 127, July 17, 1510:
The moment my English ally had gone to war with the Scots once again, the might of the Holy Roman Empire has come full swing on my borders. Calais was under attack, with only 3,000 English troops garrisoned inside the city. My own forces were hard pressed against the HRE's Italian contingent forces and are currently besieging Marseille. It was by sheer luck that I have a larger fleet than the Hapsburgs, but the Italian ships are a major headache. I am aware of the fact that the Hapsburgs have started to experiment with warships, having subjugated poor Poland in order to acquire the Polish crown, and with it, the Polish warships. My friend Edward V de Plantagenet on the other hand, nearly bankrupted his own country in order to take his revenge on the Scots. Yes, the very same Scots that we were allies with until James IV had foolishly placed his trust in the damned Papacy. In these times, even my beloved wife Anne and my children are safe in Vichy while my forces are busy fighting the Imperial Army. Perhaps in a couple of months I too, shall join in the fighting.
Young Margaret has been busy with her tutors, while Henri is taking after me in my strength. They were playing with the children of other nobles who have come to visit me while I direct the war effort. I also worry that the Hapsburgs might kidnap some of my children and force them into a life they truly don't want. I wanted my children to grow up happy, but at the same time the forces of politics and nature have other ideas. Anne has constantly told me to spend more time with her, which I graciously do, every second. I don't know if I will remain alive after this war ends, but I pray to God for France to go through this torturous process of fighting off multiple enemies on two fronts. There is news that the Spaniards might join the war and invade us from the south, but they are still recovering from the war with the Granadans. At the same time, their discovery of a new land west of Europe has caused me to panic. Hence, it was my justification that I send da Verrazano on his trip to find the eastern route to the spice islands without running into any Turkish naval patrols in the area. From what I learned in da Verrazano's trip to southern Africa and even India, there are plenty of ports to use and new lands to colonize. Da Verrazano also tells me in his letters that he plans on arriving in China and Japan in the future, and to sell any guns he brought with him on his journey.
--- Excerpts from “Christian Reformation After Savonarola: A Guide”
by: Hans Miklassen
Polachak-Brudzewski State University Printing Press, published 2016
Chapter Three: The Many Branches of Western and Eastern Christianity
Few had thought that after Girolamo Savonarola had died in 1521, his movement would have survived, and many skeptics had predicted that the movement might be crushed by the boot of the Vatican. Yet at the same time the many critics of the Savonarolist ideology had also gone on to either improve on the ideology or to make a counter-argument against such a thing. Since the interview with Father Petar Zografov on Russian state television, he has written several articles about the weaknesses of the Christian faith, and its comparisons to that of Islam and Judaism. He has been a staunch advocate of Dmitry of Pleven's most cherished idea of what it means to develop a true Christian community through the labor of love. Dmitry of Pleven's ideas, along with Savonarola's idea of charity and Philip Melanchthon's idea of Christian harmony through dialogue with the other Christian sects, particularly the Miaphysite, Monophysite and Nestorian sects, have been the backbone of the Eastern Orthodox Christian movement today. It is not surprising that although modern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Korea, Alaska, Chernarus and Zilenarus are economically behind their Western European and even Polish counterparts, they are well ahead in socio-political development. It is the Savonarolist ideas that allowed the Orthodox nations to avoid the destructive peasant revolts and anti-nationalist rhetoric that have also been present in modern European and Fagundesian societies today. Here are the main schools of thought that have arisen after Savonarola's death:
- Conciliar Apostolicism of the Dmitriad, Savonarolan and Melanchthonite Thought: The mainstream idea that has dominated the Eastern Orthodox nations had its roots in Savonarola's teachings, as well as that of Dmitry of Pleven and Philip Melanchthon. It was Melanchthon himself who codified all of his teachings plus his predecessors and turned it into the Book of Spiritual Reform that has been a popular best seller in the world today. It advocates the idea of the Church involving itself in the spiritual development of their communities through the labor of love (ie: voluntary labor for the improvement of the community) and the filial piety of God and country. Although certain tenets of this school of thought has been subjected to criticism, its apologetics have pointed out that the lack of ecclesiastical ownership of property have freed the monks and priests from the temptation of worshiping money over God. Jewish scholars have also pointed out that its anti-usury rhetoric, along with the condemnation of the Jewish people for their role in Christ's death, have been the driving force of the anti-Semitic nature of Conciliar Apostolicism within the Orthodox Church, and it wasn't surprising that in the 1930s Russia had a political upheaval that led to the rise of the National Solidarists as a response to the Communalist and Equalist dictatorships that have arisen in both Europe and Asia.
- Ecumenicalism of the Josephite Thought: Formed in opposition to Dmitry of Pleven, the Josephite thought was formed by Joseph of Volokolamsk, and it defended ecclesiastical ownership of property, plus the introduction of the Orthodox version of the infamous Spanish Inquisition. The Josephite thought is also rooted in the slavish loyalty to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, since the Ecumenical Patriarch himself was opposed to the ideas that Savonarola had introduced. It was the Josephites who lost in the religious power struggle of the 1530s, resulting in their exile to the Ottoman Empire where they found support from the Greek clergy, although other Greek Orthodox Christians themselves who were opposed to the Ecumenical Patriarch's subservience to the Ottoman Sultan also found the Savonarolist ideology appealing. Ecumenicalism also found its way into the short lived Kingdom of Veyshnoria where the landed nobility was often closely aligned with the Ruthenian Orthodox clergy there, but the presence of the Conciliar Apostolic faction in Veyshnoria had also resulted in the rise of two rival Orthodox Churches there: the short lived Veyshnorian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (Josephite branch, though it was informally known as the Kievan Exarchate) and the other short lived Veyshnorian Orthodox Apostolic Church (Savonarolist-Dmitriad-Melanchthonite branch, and it was under the Moscow Patriarchate). When the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was re-established in 1592 with the help of the Tsardom of Russia, the Veyshnorian churches were subsumed into the PLC's religious structure, though Savonarolists have started to infiltrate Polish society in 1549, despite the Polish state being under the control of the Hapsburgs. Unlike the Savonarolist-Dmitriad-Melanchthonite school of thought, the Josephite school of thought eventually withered throughout the former Veyshnorian state and in parts of Serbia that were loyal to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Today the Josephite school of thought is virtually extinct.
And here are the main school of thought within the Roman Catholic Church:
- Shaddaist Catholic Branch: The “Shaddaist” school of thought is an example of the attempt to 'Judaize' the Christian faith by re-introducing certain traditions found in Judaism. Adherence to the Torah laws, and Jewish practices were re-introduced through the Greek and Hebrew studies teacher, Johann Reuchlin. However, it was Paolo Riccio who had cultivated the Judaized influence into the Catholic Church. The Shaddaist school of thought had effectively reversed the ban on usury, and allowed the charging of interests on monetary loans to both Jews and Gentile Catholics, as well as addition of interests on loans that couldn't be repaid on time. Unsurprisingly enough, the Catholic nations that subscribe to the Shaddaist school of thought were subjected to peasant rebellions and tax revolts, often followed by pogroms against the Jewish minority within those Catholic states. The Shaddaist branch have been established in the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Spanish Empire, the Kingdom of France (most of the French Savonarolists have fled to French colonies like Nouvelle Provence and Nouvelle Aquitaine) and the Kingdom of Scotland (though the Scots themselves have been placed under the protection of the HRE in exchange for their subservience to the Papacy). However, the Shaddaist branch does not adhere to the ideas of Nohaidism, unlike their cousins in the Council Christian movement. (See below)
- Conciliar Apostolic Catholic Branch: Also known as the “Western Uniate” branch, the Conciliarists were originally Savonarolists who re-entered the Catholic Church when Francois de Tournon was elected in 1532 as Pope Eusebius II. Pope Eusebius II had initially been a supporter of Savonarola until Martin Luther's anti-Savonarolist essays had awakened him to the flaws within that system. Yet at the same time, Eusebius II had also witnessed the growing corruption within the Catholic clergy and the peasant riots over being unable to pay back their loans and the sales of indulgences had prompted him to realize that the Savonarolists had a point. His unique position as the 'Savonarolist' Pope allowed him to introduce certain aspects of the Savonarolist ideology into Catholic teachings, including the enforcement on the ban of usury. It was not until 1535 that a rival cardinal named Francisco de Quinones was rumored to be chosen to succeed Eusebius II without a papal conclave. In what was to become the Eusebian Controversy of 1536, the followers of Eusebius II relocated back to Avignon while de Quinones was elected as the new pope under the name Pope Valentine II. The Conciliarists believe in the rapprochement of the two rival Christian churches and the restoration of the five original Patriarchates after the reconquista of the Holy Land from the Ottoman Turks in a new crusade. Yet their Shaddaist enemies had correctly accused the Conciliarists of being crypto-Savonarolists and their infiltration was meant to break the Catholic Church into two parts, one of which would be open to infiltration by pro-Savonarolist and pro-Orthodox agents. Philip Melanchthon was also a member of the Conciliarist faction, and his election in 1549 as the Avignon Pope had effectively made the Conciliarists a purely French institution. One of the ideologies of the Conciliarist branch was the idea of synarchism, or the joint rule between the king and the pope. Synarchism was common in England with the ascension of the Anglo-Conciliarist Church under the authority of Edward V Plantagenet's successor, King Richard IV Plantagenet. The strong ties between the Yorkist branch of the House of Plantagenet and the English clergy was instrumental in preventing England from falling under the control of the Holy Roman Empire. Like their Conciliar Apostolic cousins in Eastern Europe, the Conciliar Catholics were also prone to anti-Semitism. Today, Conciliar Catholicism is found only in England and Denmark (having been once a part of the Anglo-Danish Empire).
Different Kind of Christianity:
- Council Christianity: As the name suggest, Council Christianity is unique in the fact that it has no clear leader for the parishioners to follow. Instead, it is governed by what is known as the Council of Elders, which consisted of old men who have been selected due to their intellect and dedication to God. Although it shares some characteristics with the Shaddaist branch of the Catholic faith, it is significantly different in that Council Christians have also adopted the Noahide Laws in addition to the various Jewish traditions that was also adopted in the Shaddaist movement. The most notable places in the world that follow Council Christianity are Ireland and certain parts of what is now modern Germany, in the Schleswig-Holstein region. Historically, Council Christians have faced hostility from both Shaddaist and Conciliarist movements, primarily due to the more influential leaders that arose from this movement. Martin Luther is most credited with the creation of this movement, due to his close interactions with the Jewish community in Nuremberg. To the Shaddaist movement, Council Christians have been thoroughly Judaized that it is reduced to nothing more than Judaism in the guise of a Christian sect. To the Conciliarists, the Council Christian movement is a heresy that has no place in Christendom, and coupled with the anti-Semitic influences within the Conciliarist movement, it is not surprising that Council Christianity also gave birth to the modern Communalist and Equalist movements[1]. The Socialist Federal Republic of Britannia in the 1990s fell apart due to the religious differences that was tied to ethnic nationalist rhetoric coming from both London and Glasgow, with Ireland becoming the scene of the worst atrocities since the Second Great World War.
--- Excerpts from “France's Hand in Asian Piracy”
by: Malcolm Ragnarsson
Black Pigeon Publishing Press, published 2014Chapter Four: The Franco-Ryukyuan Exchange
Da Verrazano's journey throughout Africa and India had given France an opportunity to build a new power center in the absence of an existing possibility that they might have been able to carve for themselves a new stake in the race for the New World. From his role in the establishment of several colonies in southern Africa that later became known as the French Royal Dominion of Nouvelle Provence, or New Provence, Giovanni Da Verrazano also played a key role in establishing the first French protectorate/enclave in southern India, in the Kerala region the French designated as the Colony of Kerala. It was the French presence in Kerala that Da Verrazano and several other French navigation crew were able to find the nearby island the Sinhalese called Sri Lanka, though it was control by the Kingdom of Kotte. The Kingdom of Kotte controlled most of the island, but its strategic position between the Spice Islands and Africa also gave the French an incentive to establish a relationship with the local kingdom. The local king there, Vijayabahu VII of Kotte, was anxious and fearful of the French presence there, but Da Verrazano was able to secure a favorable trade deal with the king of Kotte that included the sale of firearms to the Kotte state in exchange for the acquisition of pearls. In addition, Vijayabahu VII also gave the French permission to build a fort and harbor in the northern region of the Kingdom of Kotte, and between May 1511 and August 1511 a new fort was completed, named Fort Normandy, after the region of Normandy in northern France. Subsequently, the harbor's completion also led to the founding of Yalpanam as a French settlement, though the existing city of Nallur was the capital of another Sri Lankan kingdom of Aryacakravarti.
With most of the Sri Lankan island under French influence, Da Verrazano continued his journey into the Far East, with the French navigation fleet consisting of twelve new ships that joined him from Nouvelle Provence plus his original fleet. All of his warships were armed with cannons and they've also stocked enough ammunition in case they get in trouble with any local resistance movement there. However in January of 1512 when Da Verrazano had set out once again, this time to search for a route to China or Japan, they came across a rather large island while another ship spotted a narrow strait between two land entities. It was at this time that Da Verrazano's fleet had come across the Straits of Malacca, though they were careful not to sail too close to either side of the straits. After just twenty hours of careful navigation, the fleet moved northeast, as far away from the Malay Peninsula as possible. By February of 1512, Da Verrazano's fleet arrived in the Ryukyu Kingdom, amidst the Ryukyuan colonization of Kawahata Island and the growing Ryukyuan control over that region. Da Verrazano and the French delegation presented themselves to Sho Shin's court and the King of Ryukyu was impressed by the size of the French navigation ships that accompanied the Italian born navigator all the way to Ryukyu. As in the Kingdom of Kotte, Da Verrazano offered Sho Shin the same trade deal terms he offered Vijayabahu VII: sales of French weapons in exchange for goods from the buyer country. In Sho Shin's case, the French offer to build a weapons factory to mass produce French arquebuses for Ryukyu's army was more than just a lucrative offer: it also opened up the possibility of Ryukyu selling those same French-built arquebus and later matchlock rifles to the various daimyos of Kyushu and Shikoku. However, the French themselves beat the Ryukyuans to the punch when Da Verrazano left three days later to make his way into Japan, landing in the small port of Makurazaki, in the Satsuma Domain under the control of the Ouchi-Mori alliance. In Makurazaki, Da Verrazano was met by an entourage led by Ouchi Yoshioki himself. The clansman asked the strange foreigner of his purpose for visiting his domain. Da Verrazano responded by asking for a trade deal with him, but Yoshioki himself stated that he was not authorized to do so, and that the French delegation should travel to Kyoto under heavy guard in order to meet the Shogun himself, who was Ashikaga Yoshizumi. In Kyoto, Da Verrazano and Ashikaga Yoshizumi had a long conversation on the travels he made all the way from France. Like his dealings with Sho Shin, the Shogun was interested in the weapons the French brought with them, like the arquebus and matchlocks. However, to Da Verrazano's surprise, the Shogun had presented the French a well made naginata, plus a newly forged katana that Da Verrazano assumed that was meant to be a gift to his overlord (Charles VIII of France), as well as a wakizashi. In addition, Japanese silk and tea were also given to Da Verrazano and his French colleagues, and one sailor even expressed interest in staying with the Japanese in order to learn more about them, as well as to teach French to interested Japanese nobles who might one day have to speak to other Europeans who would eventually come to Japan. Originally named Jacques Cartier, upon his stay in Japan he was given the Japanese name of Anzai Masahiro [2], and under him, a new Japanese clan was founded, the Anzai clan. The Anzai clan was the first Japanese clan to be founded of European origin, with Jacques Cartier also becoming the first foreign born samurai to be employed by the Ashikaga Shogunate as a shipwright, with the foundation of the first Japanese shipyard in Matsuyama. Matsuyama subsequently became the new fief that was awarded to Anzai in 1515, which was a requirement for Anzai to build his new shipyard that specialized in the production of French style galleons and carracks, though by 1556 fortress ships known as Yosaisens (basically a hybrid of a frigate and a Korean panokseon ship) were built, making it Japan's first fully fledged sail based warship. Yosaisens were also used as cargo ships, though sekibunes were also preferred.
The invention of the yosaisen was not merely by accident: in the autumn of 1514, a Korean ship belonging to a navy deserter who fled from the chaos unfolding in Korea had landed in Matsuyama, seeking refuge. The unnamed deserter was met by one of the samurais who served the Shimazu clan who was taken to Anzai's manor to meet Anzai himself. Curious at the presence of a ship much bigger than the atakebune, though slightly smaller than the Yosaisens, Anzai started to investigate the design and appearance of the panokseon and started to interrogate the deserter on how it was made. Through the questioning of the deserter, Anzai was able to learn a new kind of technique that was risky, but effective: the usage of wood pegs to hold the ship together, making the hull of the ship much stronger and longer lasting. In addition, the deserter also explained that oak and pine wood are the best type of wood to be used in the construction of ships, a fact that many in Europe have declared it common knowledge. Moreover, the panokseon was built with two types of hull: the lower hull for the rowers and the upper hull for the cannon loaders. Anzai and ten apprentices that were hired from among Japan's lowest caste (the burakumin) started to design such a ship. Furthermore, Anzai's decision to hire burakumin and other low caste peasantry for construction of the Yosaisens was subject to a much debated controversy within the old school daimyo circles, who viewed the gaijin's view on the Japanese caste system as radical and menacing, began to plot for his murder. However, the Ashikaga shogun had explicitly forbade such actions, threatening them with execution if they did so. Some minor clan lords though, were impressed by Anzai Masahiro's innovative design for the new ships of the Ashikaga shogunate's navy. In October of 1515 when the first Yosaisen was completed, Anzai and the burakumin ship crew demonstrated its power and ability in front of an amazed Japanese public. In addition to the shipyard in Matsuyama, a cannon foundry was also built to produce artillery pieces for the Yosaisens, although various matchlock guns and large pistols were also made for various armies of all daimyos. Such an enterprise had allowed the Anzai clan to establish themselves also as the noveau riche of medieval Japan, and was rumored to have become as rich as the Ashikaga shogunate, although Anzai himself had always invested his wealth in procuring more arable land for his burakumin servants and construction of Buddhist temples.
The influence of the Yosaisen was rather large that it became synonymous with Asia's rise to prominence and parity with Europe. It also symbolized the new kind of interaction between European and Asian civilizations, although yosaisens were also notorious for its adoption by the Ryukyu Kingdom's main naval fleet and wokou pirates were also known to work aboard yosaisens. In fact, in 1518 Anzai himself sailed to Ryukyu on a trading mission from the Ashikaga shogun to deliver fifty new matchlocks to Kinjo Rokuro, upon the request of Sho Shin himself. In Ryukyu and in Kawahata Island, the yosaisen had won admirers from the wokou, and Anzai's first interaction with the wokou was over a cup of sake. Anzai himself had accepted the offer for the construction of ten more yosaisens to Kinjo, unaware that 'Kinjo' was actually Hosokawa Takakuni. It also helped 'Kinjo' that Anzai was not interested in court politics that killed off most of the Hosokawa clan members. The adoption of the yosaisen by the wokou had contributed to the massive increase in wokou raids along the Chinese and Korean coastlines, and were also pivotal in the defense of Ryukyu from the Ming invasion. However, Anzai had never forgotten his French roots and had requested to the Ashikaga shogun to allow the sale of his yosaisen to the French should they ever come back again. The shogun agreed, seeing the French as a capable ally. In 1523 when Da Verrazano returned to Japan with the news of the Second Hundred Years' War involving Anzai's native France, Anzai donated three yosaisens to Da Verrazano, pleading with him to bring the blueprints as well to Charles VIII of France, and to France's other allies in the Grand Alliance. The news of a French style ship made in Japan had caused an uproar in London, Copenhagen, Paris and Moscow, along with Da Verrazano's delivery of Japanese style large matchlock pistols, which were nicknamed 'Cartier guns' in honor of Anzai's original identity. Finally, the introduction of the nagamaki and the light weight naginata as pole weapons for the newly created French yeomanry assembled in 1524 in preparation for the French attack on Charleroi, when a French force led by Prince Henri de Valois staged a daring raid behind Hapsburg lines, armed with French crossbows and the nagamaki was used to fight two armed enemy cavalry at the same time. The devastation from the weapons introduced from Japan had resulted in the stalemate between the Pact of Ravenna and the Grand Coalition, and the nagamaki was also adopted by the English and Danish cavalry, but not the Muscovite cavalry (both the Muscovite and Polish-Lithuanian cavalries opted to use the naginata style fauchard polearms, as well as lances and sabers, but by 1615 the succeeding Russian Tsardom would create a double sided sovnya polearm for their cavalry unit, taking inspiration from the nagamaki).
--- France – Entrenched and Invaded:
When Charles VIII of France learned of the conflict in the British Isles and the Hapsburg advance towards French territory, he immediately mobilized his army to counter the Hapsburg threat. Savonarolists within France understood that the new war that was brought upon them was the first major test to see how the Savonarolist movement will survive the fires of war, especially with the inevitable rise of the Inquisition in Europe. News of the three Iberian kingdoms' plans to enter the war right away were leaked through French spies, but the truth was that each king of those respective crowns were too busy trying to create new colonies to care about the Second Hundred Years' War until their entry in 1516 when Charles VIII launched an attempt to conquer the small kingdom of Navarre in order to stop a possible Spanish invasion (the Seville Decree had officially established the United Kingdom of Greater Spain in 1515). In the early stages of the Second Hundred Years' War, the Holy Roman Empire launched an attack on Marseille in order to capture it so they could provide a safe passage for the Neapolitan troops who volunteered to fight alongside their fellow Italian and German comrades against the heretical French Kingdom. The situation was further inflamed when Pope Alexander VI in his statement during the Siege of Marseille, explicitly said that the war against the French is a holy war to rid the world of the toxic Savonarolist ideology and to exterminate the Savonarolan adherents. Indeed, when Toulon fell to the Hapsburgs in October of 1510 after a three month siege that started back in July, the Hapsburg armies rounded up every Savonarolist they could find, and after a kangaroo court trial that was similar to the Inquisition found 1,900 Savonarolists guilty of heresy, they were impaled and had their legs burnt alive. The Toulon Massacre of 1510 had aroused outrage from Savonarolists around Europe, and a tit-for-tat retaliatory attack was launched, with the French offensive against the Hapsburgs in the capture of Mulhouse in December 14, 1510, and the capture of 2,300 German Catholics by French troops, who subsequently proceeded to slaughter them with their swords. Though this was before the introduction of Da Verrazano's Japanese 'exchange gifts' to the court of Charles VIII, the French royal army acquired a reputation for savagery against their Catholic enemies. Savonarolists also joined the French army, and were among the earliest members in the formation of the French yeomans that were equipped with the nagamaki swordstaff (apparently the Savonarolan yeomans decided to rename it the Pontian lance, ironically in honor of the man who condemned Jesus to death). During the Second Hundred Years' War, the Savonarola villages suddenly became legitimate targets for Hapsburg troops to plunder and burn, forcing the Savonarolists to adopt the survival tactic of foraging. Most of the time, the Savonarolan yeomans and irregular troops (also called 'Righteous Armies') launched daring raids on occupied French cities under Hapsburg control. The French navy also expanded its fleet size, with the shipyards mass producing warships faster than they could be destroyed, but constant raids by Hapsburg ships had forced Charles VIII to authorize the construction of fortresses along France's borders with the Holy Roman Empire, and on the northern coast, facing the English Channel. At the same time, most of the admirals were already in far flung places like Nouvelle Provence and Japan, and had no idea that the war had already started. For the first few years of the Second Hundred Years' War, the French mostly stuck to taking defensive measures while resorting to guerrilla warfare in order to weaken the Hapsburg invasion. Meanwhile, its English ally was also hard pressed against the Scots until Denmark's entry into the war on the Grand Alliance side allowed John II of Denmark to deploy its naval force in order to help the English by staging raids against Scottish positions in its northern regions. With Scotland possessing a smaller fleet, the Danish diversions was immensely helpful to the English, who took advantage of the Scottish distraction to advance into the rest of the Scottish lowlands. Starting in December 28, Dumfires and Gretna Green fell to English control. Norwegian auxilliary troops serving under the Danish crown landed in Montrose by January 9, 1511 in order to force the Scots into a two front war at the same time. Because Scotland barely had troops to defend its home territory, James IV started to rely more on Irish auxilliaries for the defense of Ireland, but even they were no match for the well prepared and well trained English forces, who proceeded to move past their occupied territories in southern Ireland. Cork was besieged by the English Army under Richard Pole's command while the combined English and half of the French fleet provided the naval bombardment. English yeomans harrassed Scottish garrisons throughout Ireland, though their effectiveness was neutralized by the emergence of the Irish light cavalry units. Like their English adversaries, the Irish yeomans were also lightly armed, and often raided English forces whenever they felt like it. However, the only difference is that the Irish yeomans had no light armor to wear while the English yeomans were equipped with chain mail armor. The Irish heavy cavalry that served the Scottish crown were more effective when dealing with regular English cavalry (ie: non-yeomans), and in the raid on the English occupied city of Youghal, the Irish heavy cavalry managed to inflict significant casualties upon the English troops in the area. Because of the Holy Roman Empire's invasion of France, Charles VIII could not spare any soldiers to help the English with their Irish reconquest. He did however, provided five French warships (galleon sized, not yosaisen sized) for the naval bombardment. In addition, he also authorized the construction of the smaller sized carracks that could be used for raiding Hapsburg merchant ships, and later on they were used in the raids on Spanish ports by 1532. The Savonarolists who were within the French Army eventually developed their own military tradition that the other nations within the Grand Alliance had coveted. For instance, a French Savonarolist by the name of Odet de Coligny had been responsible for introducing Huguenot style military doctrine to the armies of Denmark and Russia in the 1560s, while Gaspard II de Coligny had built the famous Colignian Naval Doctrine that was in use, even today. His experience came from the infamous Japanese Wokou raids against Chinese and Korean ports while working as an observer with the Wokou fleet that included the famous Kohata Kusaka, the man who would build a short lived Wokou state in northern Luzon called the Kingdom of Shonan, or the Kingdom of the Southern Light. The emergence of the de Coligny family occurred during the Second Hundred Years' War, with the brothers becoming prominent French emigre military leaders. --- East Asia - Civil Wars
Three years before the Second Hundred Years' War had begun, there were two separate civil wars that broke out in China and Korea. In China, the civil war was caused by the power struggle between the three surviving siblings of the late Hongzhi Emperor, and the indifference of the succeeding Zhengde Emperor to the affairs of the state had aroused hostility from both Zhu Houwei and Zhu Xiurong. With the Ming Civil War of 1507-1509 breaking out, Zhu Xiurong had proclaimed a rival government in Anhua, with the Prince of Anhua acting as its provisional leader. Zhu Houwei would do the same, by throwing support for the Prince of Ning in the emergence of another breakaway state called the Kingdom of Ning in southern China. In addition, various peasant rebellions over the corruption of the eunuchs in the Ming court had erupted, with various cities like Luoyang, Wan, Chengdu and Xi'an becoming centers of peasant rebellions. The Zhengde Emperor tried to restore order there, but the intrigues of the Prince of Anhua had prevented him from sending Ming troops to quell the peasant rebellion. In fact, the Prince of Anhua had recruited these very same peasant rebels for his army, though they were poorly trained and poorly equipped. Zhu Houwei and the Kingdom of Ning on the other hand, had access to the Ming troops who mutinied against their commanders and proclaimed their loyalty to him and to the Kingdom of Ning. To add insult to injury, the Ming also lost Qi Jingtong to the rebels, emerging as the head of the army of Ning. Hanyang was attacked by the Anhua forces on July of 1509 when the Prince of Anhua besieged the city. Although the siege lasted only six hours (the poor condition of the Anhua military was not taken advantage of by the Ming loyalist forces because their officers were also outraged by the logistical problems they faced and by the eunuchs who often overrule them), neither side was able to gain the upper hand. However, a good amount of peasant soldiers were killed by the Ming forces, thus technically the tactical victory went to the Ming loyalist forces. Unfortunately, peasant revolts occurred in the coastal areas of China, and buoyed by the news that the eunuchs had essentially turned the Zhengde Emperor into their plaything, they launched a massacre against the upper classes. In an incident called the Bloodbath of Taizhou, twelve noblemen and forty merchants were slaughtered by angry peasants. In retaliation, the surviving army commander of Taizhou who belonged to the nobility had launched an attack on the nearby village of Wenzhou and slaughtered 300 peasants.As the Zhengde Emperor began to resort to more authoritarian methods of suppressing the peasant rebellions, the surviving peasants who escaped the pro-Zhengde massacres found themselves serving the breakway kingdoms arisen in opposition to the Zhengde Emperor. Unlike the civil war in Joseon, the civil war in China only ended with the abrupt Mongol raids into Chinese territory. Dayan Khan's expedition into Beijing had started back in late 1508 and early 1509, with the sole intention of dealing as much damage as possible to the Ming while they had a civil war. Gansu however, was conquered permanently under Dayan Khan's forces, and while the Zhengde Emperor launched ineffective raids into Mongol territory. During the expedition against the Khalkha Mongols in Kokegota, the Zhengde Emperor and 500 cavalry troops fell into an ambush laid out by Dayan Khan himself. The ineffectiveness of the Zhengde Emperor was costly: he was captured by the Mongols and brought to Karakorum where Dayan Khan had him whipped and had his back broken as a symbol of humiliation. With the death of the Zhengde Emperor, Zhu Houwei was formally enthroned as the next emperor. Zhu Houwei was given the regnal name of 'Qianshou', or 'thousand hands', referring to his hands-on learning when he was still a prince. Since the Qianshou Emperor was only fourteen, his regent was the Prince of Ning, Zhu Chenhao, who was happy to rein in place of the 14 year old Zhu Houwei. Zhu Xiurong on the other hand, was married off to a minor Chinese general who was stationed at the border with the Northern Yuan. Meanwhile in Korea, the insanity and tyranny of Yeonsangun of Joseon had caused a civil war to break out in the first place. During the same time as the Ming Civil War, several surviving brothers like Yi Gwan, or Prince Yiseong, Yi Jeon/Prince Yeongan and Yi Hui/Prince Yangwon had raised separate armies of their own and took control of four areas of Korea. Yeonsangun controlled the central heartland of Korea while Prince Yeongan took over the lands surrounding Pyongyang. Prince Yangwon took over the southeastern area of Korea, around the Busan area, and Prince Yiseong took over the northern borderlands overlooking the Manchu heartland. Prince Yiseong also won the loyalty of the elite Korean Army of the North, a specially trained cavalry unit that specialized in the combat against Jurchen raiders. Most of the yangbans who feared the rage of Yeonsangun gravitated towards the other brothers' domains in order to survive, although the four brothers also complained and grew irritated at their apparent uselessness against Yeonsangun. Yeonsangun's army attacked Pyongyang on October 19, 1507, with the sole intention of destroying Yeongan's forces and killing his brother in the process. Prince Yangwon took over most of the naval fleet that guarded the southern coasts from Japanese Wokou pirates and began to blockade several areas of Korea still under the control of Yeonsangun. To make matters worse for Yeonsangun, the Army of the North began to stage raids into territories controlled by Yiseong's other brothers who viewed him as a threat to their positions. While Korea's neighbor to the north, the Jurchen tribes that often raid Korean territory, would have loved to take advantage of the internal turmoil inside, the Jurchen people as a whole were divided into the Yeren, Haixi and Jianzhou subgroups. All three of these Jurchen groups often fought each other for supremacy until 1508 when a Yeren Jurchen warrior who was named as Ayaneje had rallied his tribe and began attacking both the Haixi and Jianzhou Jurchens. Ayaneje belonged to the Sartuk Hala clan, a clan that dominated the furthest region of what is now the Russian Autonomous Principality of Manchuria. Although he, like many other Jurchens, was illiterate, he took it upon himself to search for a scholar from either the Chinese, the Mongols or the Koreans to help him achieve his goal of learning how to read and write. A chance meeting with a captured Korean Yangban taken by the Jianzhou Jurchens in March of 1508 was brought into the home of Ayaneje. It was by sheer luck that the Yangban in captivity was capable of writing both in the Chinese characters and the Korean script known as the Hangul. Seeing the beauty of the Hangul, Ayaneje and the captive Yangban started spending time studying the Hangul and how to write it. Even as Ayaneje divulged into acquiring literacy for himself and his people, the Yeren Jurchens continued its struggle against the other Jurchens until an envoy from a local Korean town was brought to the border with the Jurchens and asked for the captured Yangban to come back. However, the captive Yangban, who happened to have escaped from the destruction that Yeonsangun had brought into the Korean learning institutions, chose to stay with Ayaneje. The brutal conflict between the princes had resulted in more Korean peasants choosing to gamble on their lives by moving northwards, into the territories that was controlled by the Jianzhou Jurchens. Back in Korea, Yeonsangun's offensive against Yeongan in Pyongyang had finally succeeded in capturing the vital city. Once inside, Yeonsangun's forces rounded up every Yangban they could find (the ones who weren't lucky enough to escape to the Jurchen-held lands) and slaughtered them. Their entire families were also massacred, just for having a child who became a yangban. Yeongan himself wasn't lucky, as Yeonsangun's agents had quickly located him in a Buddhist temple. He was dragged out of the temple and was promptly beheaded by Yeonsangun himself. For harboring the defeated prince, Yeonsangun torched the Buddhist temple and massacred its inhabitants entirely. Not a single Buddhist monk was spared, especially the children apprentices. When news of Yeongan's execution reached Princes Yangwon and Yiseong in their respective bases, they only increased the recruitment of soldiers into their armies, aware of the growing insanity that their brother had now. However, the soldiers who served the executed Yeongan were split: some of them defected to Yeonsangun's army while the other half defected to Yiseong's camp. The brutal civil war also had a huge effect on the average Korean peasantry, as Yeonsangun's anti-Yangban campaigns had also garnered support from the lower classes as they constantly resented the privileged lives that the yangbans had led. The areas south of Hanseong erupted in anti-yangban violence as peasants, buoyed by the propaganda emitted by the Yeonsangun loyalists, and in the Daegu Massacre of June 15, 1508 where 70 yangbans were murdered by the peasantry, the rebellions also had a class warfare rhetoric inserted in it. Modern Korean Equalist activists have placed an emphasis on the anti-yangban rebellions that was tied to the Joseon Civil War as the first example of class warfare, though the peasants themselves had no clear goals on what they wanted to do once the yangban class was virtually eliminated. The massacres of yangbans had a profound effect on the Korean literary class, as the junior ranked yangbans who were lucky enough to escape to Jurchen territory, brought with them their knowledge of Confucian and Buddhist classics. However, the very same Jurchen hosts from the Haixi, Jianzhou and Yeren entities grew irritated and hostile when the yangbans tried to recreate their lifestyle at the expense of the Jurchen peoples and threatened them with deporation back to Joseon, which meant a possible death sentence, unless they learned to embrace the virtue of physical labour. One such yangban who became a trusted advisor to Ayaneje was a man called Lee Tae Hyun, who also helped build the first literary school to teach Jurchen children how to write using Korean Hangul. Even in the southern regions, anti-yangban rebellion had spread its deadly influence. One such incident was the mutiny at Hansan island where a panoksun crew revolted over lack of food and pay. The captain of this panoksun, was the same man who led the crew away from Joseon and sought refuge in Japan, leading to the exchange with Anzai Masahiro, formerly known as Jacques Cartier. The mutiny at Hansan Island was one of the main contributor to the growth of the Wokou piracy, as the designs of the panoksun was later combined with the structure of the French galleon ship to create the infamous Yosaisens[3]. Throughout Korea, Princes Yiseong and Yangwon spent more time suppressing the peasant revolts than fighting Yeonsangun, a factor that almost led to Yeonsangun's victory over his brothers. It was not until 1510 when Prince Yiseong launched an offensive to retake Pyongyang from Yeonsangun that the peasant revolts began to die down, although Yiseong's decision to hire the Jianzhou Jurchen mercenaries only enflamed further anger from the peasants who became more supportive of Yeonsangun. Additionally, Prince Yangwon's naval offensive to restore order in southeastern Korea became successful with the rapid reconquest of Wonsan and Hamhung, with the help of Prince Yiseong's Jurchen mercenaries. 1511 saw the final battles of the Joseon Civil War between Yeonsangun and his two remaining brothers as Pyongyang fell to Prince Yiseong's forces, forcing Yeonsangun to make his final stand in Hanseong. The Siege of Hanseong in May 27, 1511, was literally Yeonsangun's last stand. The siege lasted just five days, though there were mass desertions from Yeonsangun's own army once his insanity took a toll on his health and started executing innocent military leaders for even a tiny mistake. The only success on Yeonsangun's part was the accidental death of Prince Yangwon when his ship went through a hurricane in Korea's southern coast, just outside Namhae. The ship he commanded had struck a rock, and the turbulence caused him to fall into the sea, and with no help forthcoming, he drowned. He died one day before Yeonsangun and his family were slaughtered by Prince Yiseong's army once they captured Hanseong. The aftermath of the Joseon Civil War was tragic: almost half of Korea's scholarly elite were wiped out, three quarters of Korea's schools were burned down and 120,000 ordinary peasants died in the conflict. The social issues that have plagued the Korean state was addressed by Prince Yiseong, who took the throne on June 4, 1511, and in one of his planned reforms, he abolished the yangban class, seeing them as educated parasites who benefited from the labour of the lower classes. In addition, the Joseon Civil War had also alerted Prince Yiseong to the woeful reality that Korea had no proper formal army in the south. Starting in July of 1511, Prince Yiseong, now King Yiseong, along with Park Won Jong and Seong Hui Ahn, reformed the Korean legal code and instituted a mandatory military training for aspiring government officials seeking civil service. In essence, Korea became the first nation in the world to institute the policy of mandatory military service for those seeking to enter civil service. Korean military personnel who excelled in both academic and marital studies were also elevated to the rank of nobility, and were also given land and several peasants to govern. King Yiseong's new socio-political reform addressed the main problem of the yangbans refraining from physical labour, as it allowed them to experience first hand the hardships of the peasantry. Buddhist temples that were burned down during the reign of Yeonsangun were rebuilt, often with the monetary contribution from former Yeonsangun supporters who were stripped of their wealth and titles. Confucian studies were becoming less relevant, paving for the rise of secular studies instead. New schools were also built, with another siginificant new law passed down by King Yiseong, making formal education for all of Korea's children, regardless of social status, mandatory. This ambitious project would allow the recovery of Korea's literary elite to the level it had before the Joseon Civil War broke out. As for Yiseong himself, he also initiated a controversial rule of succession that was reminiscent of the Ottoman practice whenever a new Sultan arose to succeed the previous ruler: upon the ascension of a new king, the king's brothers were to be killed to prevent a succession war. It was quickly repealed in 1589, when his grandson, King Yeonghwan, quickly abolished the law, replacing it with the policy of exiling princes to either Jeju Island or Hansan Island. --- [1] Communalism is TTL's mixture of communism and anarchism. Basically libertarian socialism, where as Equalism is TTL's version of communism and socialism. [2] Anzai Masahiro is basically OTL Jacques Cartier, only if he had decided to stay in Japan and assimilate instead of staying in French service. [3] Yosaisen is technically the fusion of a Korean panoksun and a European galleon ship. Although it boasts a European style mast to help it navigate around the open seas, its two decks are inspired by the panoksuns. It is translated to as 'fortress ship'. Nice update TheRomanSlayer, big and will a lot of stuff in it. |
|
|
|
Post by TheRomanSlayer on Jun 10, 2018 19:39:28 GMT
A little advice: if the quote is too big, you can put <snip> on my quote instead of quoting the whole passage. Other readers might find it much easier.
Other than that, this was a huge update that I made, mainly because of unresolved updates regarding China, Korea and Japan. I will say this though: the Dutch might play a role here, though in a completely different manner.
|
|
stevep
Fleet admiral
Posts: 24,857
Likes: 13,240
|
Post by stevep on Jun 10, 2018 22:11:40 GMT
So the Second Hundred Years' War has begone, can i assume like the first Hundred Years' War we will see periods of peace ore cease fires among the warring parties. Yep, and it's more because both sides would want to recover from their losses. At the same time, we are going to see the Ottomans also get dragged into the conflict as well, but in the long run they might buckle. In the last update, there is a segment called Para Bellum: the Rise of Britannia. However, that is merely a misnomer, as TTL's 'Britain' won't even rise this early. Even England might not be safe, unless they somehow managed to survive. And just because Poland is under the control of the HRE, doesn't mean they would forever lose their independence. Since the Jagiellons have a marital Alliance with the Rurikids, there is also a chance that Muscovy would push for the restoration of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, albeit firmly Savonarolist.
Well the last chapter did mention the Polish-Lithuanian kingdom being reformed with Russian help so I assume that happens. Sounds like the three main nations in the British Isles will become/stay independent and bitter rivals apart from odd occasions such as the short lived socialist union you mentioned which seems to have been destroyed by the mutual hostility between the nations and their different religious beliefs.
|
|
|
|
Post by TheRomanSlayer on Jun 10, 2018 22:38:19 GMT
And it also sounds familiar to what happened IOTL, only it didn't involve the British Isles. The restoration of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth depends on how Russia feels after it has been rejected by the HRE.
One other thing too: at some point I will touch base on what is happening in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies as well, since they might be affected by the Second Hubdred Years' War too. The conquests of the Aztecs and Incans will play out rather differently, because of the investment in the exploration of the OTL Gulf of Mexico area.
|
|
|
|
Post by TheRomanSlayer on Jun 16, 2018 22:37:50 GMT
Case Study #18: The Second Hundred Years' War Part Four
The Ottoman Empire watched the events in Europe with a fearful gaze while Christian Europe gleefully slaughtered each other over its religious differences. However, the main reason why they watched with fear is because of the effects of the Second Hundred Years' War on the Christian population within the Ottoman Empire. Reluctantly, the Ottomans began to crack down on the Savonarolist population, forcing them underground. Ottoman Bulgaria became the hub for the Savonarolist movement within the Ottoman Empire, and the hostile attitude of the Ecumenical Patriarch towards the Savonarolist movement had only intensified the efforts by the Savonarolists to preach in Bulgaria. The sudden 180 degree turn by the Ottoman authorities was one of the reasons by the Rhodope Rebellion erupted, making it one of the reasons for the increasing persecution of Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Serbia also had its Savonarolist movement within its borders, thanks to the Serb converts to Savonarolism who came from Dalmatia, eager to spread this new idea. The Croats who converted to Savonarolism were also eager to spread the ideas among their people, and in fact the Croatian, Serbian and Bulgarian Savonarolists began to meet each other in secret. Meanwhile, the Venetian Republic's fortunes declined with the Ottoman conquests of Dalmatia and most of the Greek islands that were under their control. With the loss of those territories, the Venetians were more vulnerable to the intrigues from their Genoese and Milanese rivals, who formed the nucleus of the Kingdom of Padania, a northern Italian state that was established in the aftermath of the Holy Roman Empire's demise in the 1700s, although the reigning House of Hohenzollern still kept the regnal title of 'Holy Roman Emperor'. The Ottoman conquest of Croatia also had a profound effect on Maximillian's reign in Hungary, and various Hungarian junior nobles had grown to resent the man who gave away their borderlands to a man who shouldn't even be allowed to reign in the first place. The Hungarian kingdom also had to deal with the heavy taxes imposed upon them to keep the Black Army of Hungary well funded, even though despite Maximillian's own efforts to invest in their weaponry and armor. In Poland, Philip the Handsome's shaky reign was further complicated by his inability to understand the Polish language, forcing the Polish nobles to speak to him through their translators. Polish universities were often ransacked and its professors who chose to stay were often beaten and killed for espousing anti-Hapsburg rhetoric. The Polish Inquisition, introduced back in 1509, proved ineffective as Inquisitorial agents were often killed by Polish irregulars in retaliation for the deaths of Polish martyrs, leading to Philip the Handsome's notorious 'Purgatorial Expeditions', which was nothing more than an early modern version of reprisal killings seen in the 1940s, during the Second Great World War. The Purgatorial Expedition went like this: an agent of the Inquisition is killed, the Hapsburg authorities in Poland locate the village or city of the guilty offender, round up the guilty party and their families, execute them, and burn down their homes. The whole of western and southeastern Poland was subjected to Purgatorial Expeditions, which only made Polish determination to free their country. Polish exiles in Lithuania and Muscovy brought the plight of their people to the attention of the new Lithuanian King, Sigismund I (Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon had died in 1503), as well as Grand Duke Vasily III of Muscovy. The brutal and tragic consequences of the Purgatorial Expeditions were that Poland started to experiment with the Savonarolist ideas, purely out of hatred of Papal authority. The Savonarolist experiment in Poland also grew exponentially, despite the official ban on the Savonarolist ideology under the Hapsburgs. Finally, another event that broke out in Lithuania had an effect on Poland. Veyshnoria's origins lay with the growing resentment from the weakening power of the Jagiellon dynasty, and their inability to manage what's left of the Lithuanian Kingdom after they lost the War of the Polish Succession. A group of Orthodox nobles within the Lithuanian state, led by the influential Vishnioveckai clan, of which the future Grand Prince of Veyshnoria, Grand Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Vyshnevetsky, belonged to, started to clamour for more rights for all citizens of Lithuania, regardless of origin. Their home base was in Zbarazh, in southwestern Ruthenia, and they were among the few Rutheno-Lithuanians who advocated for keeping Lithuania's independence. The other Rutheno-Lithuanians who wanted closer relations with the Grand Duchy of Moscow were the influential Sapieha and Olshanski families, whose powerbase was further north in northern Veyshnoria. In the first stages of the Second Hundred Years' War, the Swedish separatists gained support from the Holy Roman Empire in their ambitions to declare the political independence of the Swedish nation and their designation by the Holy Roman Empire as the guardian of the Baltic regions, led to an uprising in Uppsala in April of 1511. The Uppsala Uprising of 1511 had taken the Kalmar Union by surprise, although the Danish royal family had long forseen the inevitablity of the Kalmar Union's collapse. However, the Danes responded by initiating their own kind of Purgatorial Expeditions, slaughtering Swedish nobles who resisted Danish authority, culminating in the massacres around Sundsvall and Umea. Furthermore, Denmark's founding of the Danish Conciliar Apostolic Church three months after the Uppsala Uprising had cemented Denmark as the first openly Savonarolist nation in Europe (France wouldn't have that honor, due to their official 'status' as a Catholic kingdom), leading to Sweden choosing Catholicism (though later Shaddaist Catholicism) as their official religion. The Holy Roman Empire also gave the Swedish separatists authority to invade what's left of the Kingdom of Lithuania, which they did in September of 1511. Operating from the region the Swedes would later call Baltenmark, the Swedish revolutionary army invaded northern Lithuania, causing a crisis that would later culminate in the rise of the Grand Principality of Veyshnoria, under the leadership of Mykhailo Zbarashkiy Vyshnevetsky, on September 21. The rise of Veyshnoria had also prompted the now rump Lithuanian state under Sigismund I to fiercely resist the Swedish invasion, leading to his death during the Swedish offensive against the Lithuanians in the defense of Zarasai. With Lithuania officially 'wiped off' the map' Veyshnoria claimed itself as the successor to the Kingdom of Lithuania, but instead of adopting the Pahoniya as its official coat of arms, they opted to adopt a simple Orthodox cross with a blue stripe between the two white stripes. Grand Prince Mykhailo declared Kyiv as the capital of Veyshnoria, also staking a claim to the legacy of the former Kievan Rus', although this irritated the Muscovite state, which also claimed the same Kievan Rus' legacy as well. In October of 1511, Grand Prince Mykhailo sent envoys to Muscovy for diplomatic recognition, to which Vasily III accepted. Muscovy and Veyshnoria also began to prepare for the long war with the Holy Roman Empire and the Swedish separatists, mainly by recruiting more soldiers. In a controversial move, Vasily III proposed to grant the Muscovite military personnel under its service land in lieu of monetary payment. Though this proved initially unpopular, it also allowed landless peasants who may not have a chance to work for various landlords, to join in exchange for a small plot of land. This system was similar to the Ottoman timar system where the timariots were granted land in exchange for military service, but in the Muscovite case, it grew to more than just the cavalrymen: it also gave infantrymen and artillerymen a chance to own land.  The adopted flag of Veyshnoria during its short existence before Muscovite (later Russian) forces liberated the ethnic Lithuanian lands and freed the Poles, leading to the restoration of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.Veyshnoria's religious struggles were also controversial: the Orthodox population there was divided between the Josephites and the Dmitriads (followers of the pro-Savonarolist Dmitry of Pleven) over doctrinal differences. The more influential Josephites, or the Possessors, were wealthy landowners who have acquired land during the time of the previous Jagiellon dynasty, and were more inclined to oppose the Dmitriads. Moreover, the Possessor movement of Veyshnoria was also connected to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, resulting in the Dmitriads' insistence that the Veyshnorian Possessors are nothing but Ottoman spies. It also didn't help that within Veyshnoria, there were also minor nobles and Cossacks from the Zaporozhian region who opposed closer ties to Muscovy and wanted to maintain its position as the barrier between Europe and Asia, with Muscovy being considered an Asian civilization in Zaporozhian Cossack circles. What brought Veyshnoria over to the Dmitriad camp, and by extension, the Savonarolist camp, was the presence of the Polachak-Brdzewski Royal Academy for Higher Learning in Polotsk, which became Veyshnoria's only place for education so far, until 1515 when Grand Prince Mykhailo Vyshnevetsky laid the foundations for another college in Kiev, the Kiev-Vyshnevetsky Royal Academy [1], modeled on the university in Krakow and Polotsk. In the same year, Vasily III would also found two universities in Moscow and Vladimir: the Moscow-Plevensky Royal Academy (later the Moscow Imperial University) [2] and Vladimir-Suzdal Royal Academy (later Vladimir Imperial University) [3]. Those two universities were built from 1515 until 1518, mostly from scratch, as Vasily III preferred to test the skills of his Muscovite subjects who have completed their education at the Polachak-Brdzewski Royal Academy. In addition to those universities, a proto-military academy was also set up, in the town of Nizhny Novgorod, that still stands today, although other military academies were set up throughout Russia several centuries down the road. The proto-military academy was initially called the Military Science Academy until it became known as the Imperial Military Academy in 1721. The Military Science Academy was initially staffed by veterans of the War of the Polish Succession until the Savonarolists from France who were also military veterans also became instructors there. What's more, the French Savonarolists who have fled to places like Denmark and Russia assimilated into the local culture through conversion to Conciliar Apostolicism. Exiled Poles who didn't want to live under Hapsburg (and later Hohenzollern) rule also settled in Muscovy, mainly as military instructors, but also as tradesmen and new noble families were established there. Muscovites and Veyshnorians also began to trade with each other, with Veyshnoria becoming the middleman between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire.
Ottoman Empire - The Reign of Ahmed the Wise:Although the Ottoman Empire was safe from external threats as a result of the Second Hundred Years' War, they were not safe from internal threats due to ambitious princes seeking to establish themselves as the successors to their fathers. This was true in the case of Sehzade Selim, whom Sultan Bayezid II has sent to the Levant in order to stop a potential Mameluk invasion of Ottoman Anatolia. However, an unforseen event had occurred in 1504 when Sultan Bayezid II had unexpectedly died from an undisclosed illness. Rumors had it that one of the Sehzades had poisoned him. Others say that it was a rebellious pasha who did it. Whatever the result would truly be, it resulted in a second Ottoman civil war where Sehzade Selim, Sehzade Ahmet and Sehzade Korkut would fight each other for the throne. Like the Joseon Civil War later in 1507, the Ottoman Second Interregnum involved various princes who would kill each other over the right to succeed their father. Sehzade Selim had acquired a reputation that wasn't as terrifying as that of his Korean contemporary, Yeonsangun, but his epithet of "the Grim" indicates of his hot temper. Sehzade Ahmet on the other hand, received support from the soldiers who fought with him in the Croatian campaign. Moreover, the Komoroglu clan of which Azad Komoroglu had now hailed from, had thrown his support behind his benefactor. On November 12, 1504, Sehzade Ahmet rode back to Istanbul with 50,000 Ottoman soldiers, leaving Rumelia under the administration of Malkocoglu Yahya Pasha, who was appointed as the Beylerbey of Rumelia. Azad Komoroglu came to Yahya Pasha's attention due to his experience with working alongside Hadim Suleiman Pasha. Hadim Suleiman Pasha's handling of the Savonarolan expansion within the Ottoman Empire however, became more of a liability as the fallout from the Second Hundred Years' War had resulted in the Ecumenical Patriarch's insistence on cracking down on the Savonarolists who've managed to convert a large amount of Ottoman Rumelian Christians (mainly Bosnian Christians who haven't converted to Islam yet, but the majority of the Savonarolan converts were Croats and Serbs) to their sect. The Savonarolists were also fearful of being extradited to the Holy Roman Empire, since they knew too well the penalty for opposing Papal authority. At the same time, Sehzade Ahmet had no particular interest in the affairs of the Christian community within the Ottoman Empire and was focused mostly on creating more loyal Muslim subjects out of the Balkan Christians. Once Sehzade Ahmet arrived in Constantinople, he received news that Sehzade Korkut was preparing to seize power, and that Sehzade Selim had acquired the services of Arabian mercenaries plus the auxilliary troops of the Crimean Khanate. Sehzade Selim launched a blitzkrieg attack on southeastern Anatolia, taking Dulkadir province, and making it his temporary headquarters. Sehzade Korkut was not so lucky however, has Sehzade Ahmet had sent bostancis to execute him, which they did on December 9, 1504. With most of Rumelia and northwestern Anatolia under Sehzade Ahmet's control, he proceeded to slaughter the rest of his brothers and their families until not even their daughters were left alive. The sheer cold bloodedness of the soon to be Sultan Ahmet I was comparatively minor to the violent behavior of his Korean contemporary, Yeonsangun. Unlike the First Ottoman Interregnum, the Second Ottoman Interregnum was surprisingly short. For Sehzade Selim, his fortunes sharply fell when his army was caught in an ambush by Qizilbash troops who operated independently of Shah Ali Reza Safavi on January 21, 1505. Sehzade Selim was about to finish off the Qizilbash with a cavalry charge, his horse was stabbed by a Qizilbash pikeman, resulting in his fall. Three Qizilbash infantrymen impaled him in the chest with their spears, ironically securing the succession for Sultan Ahmed I. The official date that was given for Sultan Ahmet's ascension into the throne was on February 14, 1505. Once Ahmet I[4] had gained the throne, he started to consolidate control of the Ottoman state by introducing a set of fiscal reforms that created the foundation for one of the most ingenius Ottoman fiscal system that was ever created. Built primarily on the Islamic rules governing financial transactions, the Ottoman state is authorized to confiscate any property belonging to any debtor who is unable to repay the loan he or she has undertaken. Though it was similar to the ones that the Savonarolists have introduced, the major difference is that Ahmed I had also attached the debtor's debt on his children or grandchildren should he die while failing to keep up with his payment. The weapons arsenal built in Rumelia have continued to produce firearms and cannon, while horse ranches in Anatolia have continued to bred fine horses to be used by the Sipahi cavalry forces. On March of 1505, Ahmed I officially granted Azad Komoroglu the lands around the area of Bosnia on the west side of the Drina River. Though this was meant to secure his loyalty, Ahmed I's decision to grant Azad Bey the lands deep within Rumelia was meant to protect him from any vengeful Croatian Christians who have known him personally in the past. Bratunac Fortress was built during Azad's lifetime, and in fact it was often used by both the Komoroglu and Malkocoglu families as a summer retreat. It was at this time that Azad and Almira settled down and had children of their own. The eldest child, a daughter by the name of Fatma, was born in 1506, and would grow up to become the wife of Sahib I Giray, the last Khan of Crimea before its conquest by the Grand Duchy of Muscovy, with the aid of Veyshnoria. In 1510 their first son was born, Sahin, the later Komoroglu Sahin Kapudan Pasha who would become the Ottoman Admiral in charge of the first Ottoman attempt to launch an expedition to SE Asia alongside Kurtoglu Hizir Reis, and the first Ottoman governor of the Sanjak of Melaka [5]. Another son, Zehir, would later found Aslanabad [6], as an important Ottoman trade post, and would become one of the prominent commanders in the war between China and the Ottoman Empire. The second daughter, Ayse, born in 1512, married Ragusoglu Yakup Pasha (a fellow Croatian convert to Islam), who also played a vital role in the Ottoman naval battles involving the Spaniards and the Chinese. The Komoroglu family also became influential in Ottoman imperial circles as the men who fought under Azad Bey eventually grew to become sanjak beys and pashas in their own right. One of those men who trained with Azad Bey and his sons was the future Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, Koca Sinan Pasha. The main reason why the first six years of Ahmed I's reign was marked by relative peace within the Ottoman state was because he was carefully planning the next campaign. Belgrade was the next target on his list, as well as the Mameluk Sultanate. He also embarked on the expansion of the Ottoman Navy, having witnessed its rather dismal performance, through the modifications on some of its warships. The Ottoman galley was widened to withstand enemy cannon fire, while a new Ottoman galleon ship was constructed with the help of Ragusan shipbuilders conscripted into Ottoman service. The significance of the Ottoman galley's modification was that while its maneuverability has declined, it compensates itself with better durability and the installment of medium sized cannons into the deck. While the Ottoman galley might not be as big as the Korean Panoksuns, it has a much better durability than European galleys and it's also the same size as the Japanese atakebunes (the Ottomans had taken into account the need for survival instead of speed). The most important aspect of the Ottoman Navy is its leadership: Barbary pirates who often raided Mediterranean shipping were often courted by Ottoman officials and enticed them to join them in exchange for monetary compensation. Some of the Barbary pirates also rose to become pashas in their own right, but this was a rare case. The river flotilla was also expanded for the purpose of conquering Belgrade, though in the 1550s it was also used in the Hungarian campaign. In addition, the akinci corps also expanded to include other recruits with a background in ranching. Azad Bey's own regiment came from Macedonia and southwestern Serbia, where the ranchers were originally from, though a few Ottoman Arabs were also included into his own regiment. Finally, the Janissary Corps also expanded its numbers while Ahmed I also made plans to create another branch of the Ottoman military that would consist of ethnic Turks, Kurds, and Arabs. He knew well enough that relying on the human resources of Ottoman Rumelia in the long run would in fact alienate the more traditional segment of the population of Ottoman Anatolia. Moreover, the borderlands with the growing Safavid state had been subjected to repeated raids from renegade Qizilbash cavalry forces who operated independently from the Shah's control. Therefore, the akinci corps was sorely needed in the fringes of Ottoman Anatolia. One of the main reasons why Sultan Ahmed I was called 'the Wise' was because of his domestic policies that largely benefited the rural population of the Ottoman Empire. Although serfdom in the Islamic world didn't work the same way it did in Europe, the peasants within the Ottoman state didn't pay as much rent and crops as their European Christian counterparts did. Ahmed I also began to initiate a collection of old Ottoman laws and engaged himself in a serious conversation with the Islamic council over what set of laws that have to be kept and what other laws that could be abolished. Although the jizya tax was kept, Ahmed I proposed that certain privileges for Christian vassals within the empire could be awarded in exchange for loyalty to the sultan. Ottoman Rumelia was ripe with the desire for such privileges, particularly among its Serb subjects. The Croats, having been conquered recently, were also key candidates for the same kind of privileges. At the same time, the Wallachian and Moldavian vassals watched with fear as to what kind of tricks that Ahmed I would pull in terms of autonomy. However, the Ecumenical Patriarch's audience with the sultan regarding the Savonarolists living within the Ottoman Empire had ensured that any kind of homegrown Savonarolist Revolution wouldn't survive. For instance, Savonarola Villages were banned inside the Ottoman state, in accordance to the Islamic and secular Ottoman laws there. In place of the Savonarola villages, there existed an underground community of hidden Savonarolists who thrived in makeshift homes built inside caves. Bulgaria's caves provided an excellent refuge for the Savonarolists who couldn't build their community in the open, and specially trained guards taught by veterans of the Second Hundred Years' War were formed to protect their underground community. The presence of the cave hayduks, along with the growing intolerance from the Ecumenical Patriarch, would constitute one of the several reasons for the Rhodope Uprising. The Bulgarian Orthodox Christian community chafed under the double suppression of the Ottoman authorities and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Several Bulgarian monks complained of being discriminated against by other Orthodox monks for speaking their language. One of these monks who thrived in such a stressful environment was a man who hailed from Pleven. Dmitry of Pleven was born to a family of Bulgarian intellectuals, during the time that Bayezid II still reigned. Though he was not a typical character befitting a Bulgarian nationalist, Dmitry of Pleven was fascinated by the histories of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires. One of his ancestors had once served the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan during the Latin Empire's ravages against Bulgaria, and another ancestor had once fought alongside the Serbs in the Battle of Kosovo. When Dmitry of Pleven expressed his desire to leave his homeland in search of a better life as a monk, one of the Savonarolists whom he had contact with suggested that he travel north, through the Wallachian and Moldavian Principalities, and into the lands of Muscovy. Though his journey was tough, he was well received by Vasily III. The main reason for his departure from the Ottoman Empire was that the Bulgarian monk had been immensely influenced by the teachings of Savonarola and viewed the Savonarolist ideology as something that the Orthodox Church needed. Furthermore, his growing anti-Ecumenical Patriarchate stance, tied in to his anti-Greek sentiment and Slavophile tendencies, had made him a useful man in the Muscovite court. Dmitry of Pleven and three hundred other Bulgarian monks who joined the Savonarolist sect settled in Muscovy, and later on in the lands of the conquered Crimean Khanate. It was through the Bulgarian monks that the development of the Russian Orthodox Church, along with the influences from the Western Christian Savonarolists and the Orthodox Churches of Georgia and Armenia, that shaped it to what it is today. As of today, there are 500,000 Bulgarian emigres living in southern Russia, in the Fanagoriya Autonomous Krai[7], most of whom formed the Don-Kuban Bulgarian Cossack community. Moreover, the Don-Kuban Bulgarians also consisted the majority of the soldiers in the Imperial Russian Army that took part in the Eight Years' War from 1755 to 1763, retaking bits of southern Alaska and played a pivotal role in the conquest of the Viceroyalty of Nueva Asturias in 1763, with the official annexation being valid by 1764. In addition, the genetic makeup of the modern Chernarusian nation revealed in a DNA test conducted in 2010 that 64% of the Chernarusian population could trace their lineage to the Balkans and southern Russia. --- Excerpts from Dmitry of Pleven's Speech to the Bulgarian refugees settling in Russia:
"People of the Danubian Bulgarian lands! For too long that the Ottoman Empire has brought unheard of suffering to us, ever since the fall of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The corrupt officials in Tsarigrad who have colluded with the Sultan have seen to it that our movement to reform our Christian society, be crushed! Though many of our comrades have died defending our people's honor and dignity in the mountains of Rhodope, they showed the world that we as Bulgarians have continued to struggle. We've even encouraged our Serb and Croat brethren to revolt as well, though with predictable results. But now, the foolish actions of Sultan Mahmud [8], in his vicious treatment of Christians living throughout the empire, had played into the hands of our saviors!
Bulgarians! That foolish action of the vengeful one has allowed our French and Russian friends to give us refuge when the rest of Europe is dead set against us! As the great French King Philip VII de Valois had once commented on the Ottoman expulsion of Christians from the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Rumelia: "It is quite a pity that a man who claims to be the protector of the peoples who worship all three Abrahamic faiths would resort to such savage treatment of those who believe in the one, true God, as well as those who cling on to the ideals of Girolamo Savonarola that redefined what it means to live in a Christian society. A society without exploitation and without slavery to the moneylenders is what we should strive for!
Here, in the lands of our ancestors who once ruled an entity called Old Great Bulgaria, we have essentially come back to reclaim this ancient land. However, we do not seek to recreate the Bulgaria of old, but to build a new home within the Russian state. As our people continue to settle down in the steppes of southern Russia, I will plead with the Russian Tsar to let us form an autonomous province. We shall call this new province Fanagoria, after the old capital of ancient Old Great Bulgaria. Here, we will thrive where even Khan Kubrat's people had failed. Long live Fanagoria! Long live our people! Long live the advancement of Orthodox Christendom!"
--- Excerpts from "Gold, Silver and Servants: The Rise of United Spain's Colonial Empire"
by: Enrique Salcedo
University of Chuqiago Printing Press, published 2014
Chapter Two: The Growth of the Three Viceroyalties
Spain during the early 16th century was just getting started in its colonial expansion, although the separate discoveries of the land were claimed under the separate crowns and had no authority over the other's colonies. For example, the Crown of Aragon had no authority when it comes to issues relating to the newly emerged Viceroyalty of Nueva Lusitania while Portugal cannot issue orders under its authority in the Viceroyalty of Nueva Alhambra. Amerigo Vespucci was later named the first viceroy of Nueva Majorca, while Diego Columbus was appointed as the first viceroy of Nueva Alhambra, with the town of San Numeriano acting as his personal headquarters. Nueva Lusitania however, wasn't discovered until 1505 when in a second expedition from Portugal, Joao Alvares Fagundes was supposed to resupply in Nueva Ragusa, but had accidentally went off course and somehow landed on the mouth of the Amazon River. Curious at the sight of such a large river, Fagundes and a crew of fifty armed conquistadors traveled further inland into the Amazon region until they were ambushed by several hundreds of indigenous tribes, presumably from the Apiaca tribe. Unfortunately, the expedition failed, forcing Fagundes to retreat back into the mouth of the Amazon and decided to build a settlement there so he could resupply his ships, as well as to give his crew a much needed rest. While Fagundes was building the settlement on the mouth of the Amazon, another tribe, the Tupi, had ran across a Portuguese sentry and asked harshly what they were doing there. When none of the Portuguese crew members were able to answer, the Tupi attacked them. Fagundes was forced to call in his ships (armed with cannons this time) and to give the order to fire at the Tupi. Once the ships began bombarding the Tupi tribesmen, they began to retreat, not knowing how to counter the power of the Portuguese cannons.
The new settlement, which was completed in May of 1506, was named Sao Leonardo [9], after the lead ship that Fagundes piloted. It emerged as one of the major Portuguese trading posts in the area, and coupled with the economic activities that emerged in the other colonies controlled by the Crowns of Aragon and Castile, Sao Leonardo became profitable in the long run. Unlike the other colonies however, the future Viceroyalty of Nueva Lusitania will develop in a much different direction in that the Portuguese colonial authorities there tried seriously to integrate the new indigenous tribes that have come under Portuguese control. Sao Leonardo was built on the model of all other Portuguese towns: one town square, one church, one city hall and several houses, manors and farms where indigenous tribesmen recruited as farm labourers could work. Several more towns were late built under Fagundes's authority, and in January of 1508 Fagundes was surprised to hear that he was not appointed the first governor of Nueva Lusitania: that honor went to one of his crew who distinguised himself: Vasco de Gama. To make up for his lack of accomplishments, Vasco de Gama was placed in charge of exploration of the lands beyond Sao Leonardo while Fagundes would be recalled to Europe in order to lead and train a Portuguese navy armada that was going to join in the Second Hundred Years' War. Vasco de Gama, surprisingly enough, proved to be a well adjusted governor, though his penchant for hiring indigenous servants to the point where he was viewed as a de facto slave owner, had infuriated the more jealous other crew members who wanted to enslave more indigenous peoples. At the same time, Vasco de Gama himself would commission the project for more settlements: Presepio [10](founded in 1510 and completed within one year, emerged as a shipbuilding and agricultural hub), Sao Afonso [11](founded in 1512, and completed within six months, emerged as a major hub of Catholic missionary activity in the region) and Santa Felicia [12](founded in 1513, completed within a year and a half, construction often delayed due to native attacks on the settlement, emerged as a major trading hub between Nueva Lusitania and Nueva Toledo).
In contrast to the Portuguese who brought in mainly peasants from mainland Portugal to settle the new lands in Nueva Lusitania, the Aragonese who controlled the Viceroyalty of Nueva Majorca had brought in Italian and Catalan peasants seeking to escape from the chaos that is unfolding in Europe. The Italian peasants, as well as merchants, emerged as the financial backbone of Nueva Majorca. It was said that the colonists who helped build Nueva Majorca hailed from the Crown of Aragon's Sicilian and Neapolitan kingdoms, and most of these merchant colonists were experienced in scouting for future spots for building ports, harbors and even new towns. It was in these Nueva Majorcan towns that the population that would later provide the soldiers for both the battles of the Second Hundred Years' War and the Spanish Conquest of the Incan Empire (though that campaign was mainly handled by troops from the Crown of Aragon, including several hundreds of Neapolitans, Sicilians, Catalans and Valencians). Interaction between the Aragonese colonial authorities and the indigenous tribes they've encountered were similar to the interaction between the Portuguese colonial authorities and their indigenous tribesmen, with only one difference: the Aragonese encouraged the intermarriages between indigenous men (provided they convert to Catholicism) and Aragonese women in order to help integrate them into Aragonese society, and later on the same policy was done with indigenous women marrying Aragonese men. The expansion of Nueva Majorca was a bit faster than the expansion of the other two Spanish colonies mainly because of the larger military presence of the Aragonese forces in the region (though the Aragonese military was bolstered by the inclusion of indigenous auxilliaries). In particular, the autonomous colony of Nuevo Toledo, reserved for Spain's Jewish population, was explored by another prominent conquistador and future Second Hundred Year War hero, Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba. Cordoba befriended several Sephardic Jews while he journeyed into the Fagundesias. However, he had to turn over his documentation on the new land that was discovered, including the strip of land that separated the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean, to the Nueva Majorcan colonial authorities (de Cordoba was a subject of the Crown of Castile, and thus he could not claim this section of land in the name of the Crown of Castile). In exchange, de Cordoba was allowed to claim any other lands north of the future boundaries of the autonomous colony of Nuevo Toledo. In effect, this was the first start of what will become known as the Spanish Conquest of the Mayan civilization, starting from 1510 (several years after Nueva Majorca appointed Amerigo Vespucci as its first governor) until 1513.
In the colony of Nueva Alhambra, the Columbus brothers' venture had turned into a profit making machine as the Castilians who dominated the exploration mission had scouted the lands around the gulf area. Operating from San Numeriano, several Castilian ships began to sail along the coasts of the southern regions of North Fagundesia. At one point in 1508, a fleet led by Juan de Grijalva had arrived at a mouth of a large river that in his words, 'was unlike anything that I've ever seen in my life'. Though he spotted several indigenous tribes of a different kind living in the region, he took a gamble and decided to approach them with his ships to see where they are. To his astonishment, one of the tribesmen offered him a new kind of crop for him to try. The crop in question was chewy and yellow on the inside, but covered in green leaves. De Grijalva and his crew tried it, and to their surprise, it tasted well. One of the crew members asked the tribesman what it was, but all he heard was 'mahiz'. Little did De Grijalva and his crew member knew, they've made the first discovery of a New World crop in the form of the maize, or corn. Impressed with the taste, De Grijalva asked how the tribe had cultivated it, and one thing led to another, and soon enough, the Castilians and the tribe that was revealed to be the Choctaw, had started to teach each other the basic agricultural practices that they made. For the Choctaw, they were introduced to wheat cultivation, as well as cattle ranching (the cattle ranches in the Fagundesias was first built in San Salvador, despite the unsuitable conditions there). For the Spaniards, they were introduced to the cultivation of corn, sugar and poppy cultivation that resulted in the rise of the opiate production, one of the leading notorious drugs that plagued most of human society today. Opiate addiction remains one of the leading causes of death in most of the developed world, along with alcoholism and various other man made diseases as well. In addition, the Choctaw also benefited from the Spanish introduction of horse breeding and horse ranching. The adoption of horses for the Choctaw was crucial in their way of life, as they were now able to cover longer distances while hunting. It also allowed the Spanish, or rather, the Castilian portion of the Spanish colonial empire, to train future native cavalry units for further expeditions against other tribes within the southeastern region of North Fagundesia. The Choctaw would also emerge as one of the most loyal Native Fagundesian tribes of the Spanish Empire, with a significant portion of them becoming assimilated into Spanish culture through the conversion to Catholicism. Spanish friars were also taught the Choctaw language in order to speed up the conversion process.
European diseases such as small pox began to decimate the Choctaw community as early as 1507, though the epidemic of such diseases wasn't recorded until 1543 when the Spanish colonial authorities reported that 5,000 Choctaw, 3,200 Creek, 2,900 Seminole and 1,700 Chickasaw natives died from small pox between 1540 and 1543. Likewise, the early Castilian settlers in Nueva Alhambra also died from yellow fever and chagas disease between 1540 and 1542. The ravages from the New World and Old World diseases had nearly killed the future of the entire Nueva Alhambra colony until the Crown of Castile made a controversial decision of importing African indentured servants to work on the plantations and farms owned by Castilian nouveau riche tycoons who confiscated the land from the rest of the indigenous tribes. Although slavery in the Fagundesias was hotly debated, slavery under the Castilians was relatively harsh, but it was nothing compared to the life of a slave under the Portuguese or Aragonese. The brutal nature of slavery also played a key role in redefining the Savonarolist ideology regarding slavery, which Philip Melanchthon wrote in 1550. In his famous "African Redemption" thesis of 1550, he insisted that slavery in its exploitative condition was not only morally repugnant, but it would create a new kind of class conflict that will lead to a totalitarian environment where the oppressed slaves would initiate a series of slave revolts. Melanchthon's anti-slavery stance would become one of the most defining points of the Savonarolist ideology: in line with the anti-exploitation rhetoric, it was no wonder that the French in Nouvelle Provence had excelled in integrating the African tribes there through conversion to the Conciliar Apostolic branch of Christianity.
--- [1] Kiev-Vyshnevetsky Royal Academy is TTL's name for the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. [2] Moscow Imperial University is TTL's version of Moscow State University, only founded in 1515 rather than 1755 of OTL. [3] Vladimir Imperial University is TTL's version of Vladimir State University. [4] Sultan Ahmed I is different from its OTL counterpart, because this Sultan Ahmed is the son of Bayezid II, while its namesake counterpart is the son of OTL Sultan Mehmed III. However, this Sultan Ahmed will be completely different in character. [5] Sanjak of Melaka is practically the same territory as OTL Sultanate of Melacca. [6] Aslanabad is TTL's name for Singapore. [7] Fanagoriya Krai consists of the other half of the lands that were formerly ruled by the Crimean Khanate. It stretches from the Don River region to the Kuban River region, and into Crimea itself. Fanagoriya Krai also includes the OTL Donbass region. [8] Sultan Mahmud of TTL would be the son of Sultan Kasim I, who in turn is the youngest son of Sultan Ahmed I. [9] Sao Leonardo is TTL's name for Macapa, Brazil. [10] Presepio is TTL's name for Belem, Brazil. [11] Sao Afonso is TTL's name for Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil. [12] Santa Felicia is TTL's name for Afua, Brazil.
|
|
lordroel
Administrator
Posts: 68,033
Likes: 49,439
|
Post by lordroel on Jun 17, 2018 6:32:31 GMT
Case Study #18: The Second Hundred Years' War Part Four
Another great update TheRomanSlayer. I wild guess, maybe i am right, maybe i am wrong, would the OTL name for University of Chuqiago be the university of Chicago. |
|
