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Post by Max Sinister on May 11, 2023 1:54:01 GMT
This is a repost from another AltHist website (.com), because it doesn't hurt.
For the beginning an overview: Where and when Genghis (and his successors) changed history IOTL.
1205-09: Tangutes / Hsi-Hsia
1207: Southern Siberia
1209: Uighurs
1212: Kara-Kitai
1211-15: Northern China
1220: Iraqi Seljuks
1219-25: Choresm
1223: Battle of Kalka - slight influence on Russian princedoms
1227: Hsi-Hsia destroyed
1231: Influence on Korea under the Goryeo Dynasty
1233/34: Strong influence on Northern China
1237: Volga Hungarians, Volga Bulgars defeated
1236-40: Strong influence on Russia except Novgorod
1239: Armenia
since ~1240: Small changes (well, compared to the results of a Mongolian conquest) spread through Europe and Northern Africa.
1241/42: All of Eastern Europe - Teutonic Order, Drang nach Osten, Poland, Silesia, Moravia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria is influenced.
1243: Rum-Seljuks
1255: Kerman-Seljuks
1256: Strong influence on Korea
1258: Strong influence on Caliphate of Baghdad
1274/81: No attack on Japan, no "divine wind" necessary
(1258) 1268-79: Southern China
1287: Pagan Empire in Burma
1337-52: No / delayed Black Death; influences all of Europe, Asia and Northern Africa.
1398 (OK, probably indirect changes will happen earlier here): Sultanate of Delhi
Ogadai against Jalal-ad-Din
1200: Temujin dies by an accident. Since his four sons (Jochi, Chagatai, Ogadai, and Tolui) are still too young (they're between 10 and 15 now), he has no clear successor. Enemies of Temujin, like his former friend and blood brother Jamukha Gurkhan, some of the clans and people he defeated and some people who're simply ambitious try to use the situation, and the people Temujin already united fall apart. Some of Temujin's "Dogs of war" (Subodai, Chilaun, Jelme and Borchu) and his family are still willing to fight to preserve his heritage, but for the beginning his dream has suffered a setback. The following years are filled by infighting between the various steppe tribes and people, with too many battles and changing alliances to mention them.
(as OTL) Sultan Ala ad-Din Tekish of Choresm dies and is succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad.
1205: Ogadai, the most talented and charismatic of Temujin's sons, is old enough to fight by himself for his father's dream, but he still needs the support of his elder brothers and the supporters of his father. He'll never be able to be a ruler as strong as his father.
(as OTL) Muhammad has conquered all of Great Seljuk and declared himself Shah.
1207: Jochi (who is suspected that Temujin isn't really his father) is killed by his brother(?) Chagatai.
1210: After Chagatai dies in a fight, Ogadai finally becomes the accepted Khan of the Mongols. Now he can continue the suspended work of his father to unite the steppe people. He'll take longer for that than his father and won't be 100% successful, though.
(as OTL) 1212: Shah Muhammad defeats the Gur-Khan Kutluk and conquers the lands of the Kara Kitai, to whom the Choresmians once had to pay tribute.
1213: Ogadai defeats the Merkites. Now he plans to fight the Tatars who once killed his father's father, but the attacking Keraites force him to postpone the plan. To make things worse for him, the subjugated people often rebel because he makes them introduce the Mongols' Code of Law.
1216: Keraites defeated by Ogadai. Now he's ready to fight the Tatars.
(as OTL) 1217/18: Shah Muhammad plans to attack the Caliphate of Baghdad, but too many of his soldiers die in a blizzard in the mountains, so he has to postpone the attack.
1221: After many bloody fights, the remaining Tatars join his horde.
1222: Shah Muhammad dies, is succeeded by his son Jalal-ad-Din. (OOC: There's not too much known about him; IOTL, he managed to save himself by jumping from a dangerously high place into a river after having lost against the Mongols; even Genghiz is said to have been impressed by his courage, so I'm giving him the benefit of doubt and make him a courageous warrior ITTL.) Jalal-ad-Din reigns a great empire, consisting of today's Iran and all the -stans. However, this also means he has to care for various groups trying to rebel against him. Being a good warrior, he eventually succeeds and keeps the empire together.
1225: Naimans defeated.
1227: Uighurs defeated. Ogadai notes that they use writing, which the Mongols don't know yet. He thinks it would be a good idea to use this new knowledge.
Since 1229: Ogadai starts writing down the Yassa, the old and new Laws of the Mongols.
1230: Jalal-ad-Din has consolidated his empire.
1230-32: Ogadai leads the united steppe people against the Tangutes / Hsi-Hsia. Their country is overrun, many of their villages burnt down and their people enslaved. The Mongols don't have the necessary technics to storm their cities, though. OTOH, they manage to capture the secret of gunpowder. Ogadai wants to take the cities by besieging them, but after two years the other Mongols think they have a) spent enough time here and b) there's not enough left to loot for the effort. So Ogadai leaves the country for a high tribute (mostly camels). The Hsi-Hsia empire has suffered extermely under the occupation, and won't recover from it.
1233: Jalal-ad-Din demands formal recognition from the caliph in Baghdad. When the caliph Al-Mustansir rejected his claim, the Shah proclaims one of his nobles caliph and marched towards Baghdad to depose the caliph.
1234: Kara-Kitai defeated by Mongols. Ogadai now reigns the biggest empire on the planet.
1235-38: Various campaigns in Southern Siberia against the Kirghiz and Tuvans.
1236: Choresmians take Baghdad, topple the old Abbaside caliph. Al-Mustansir is imprisoned, some of his relatives flee to Egypt and the lands of the Rum-Seljuks.
1240: After a governor of the Choresm Shah insults Ogadai by killing his diplomats, he decides to attack Choresm. In the battle near the city of Otrar, Ogadai and Jalal-ad-Din meet each other. The attack of the Mongols is successful at first, but the courageous Shah manages to collect his men and prevents a catastrophy. The situation at other frontiers is also indecisive.
1241: Ogadai dies. His son Guyuk (not the same-named from OTL) is the designed successor, but some of his family members won't accept him, and some of the allied non-Mongol people (Tatars, Kara-Kitai, Naimans, Merkites) wish for more independency. Jalal-ad-Din can use the situation for a counter-attack and drives the Mongols back behind Lake Balchash. He also manages to get the secret of gunpowder, which will become important in the future. The steppe people once again fall apart, not to be united at least for decades, waiting for another strong leader.
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stevep
Fleet admiral
Posts: 24,836 
Likes: 13,225
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Post by stevep on May 11, 2023 13:45:23 GMT
This is a repost from another AltHist website (.com), because it doesn't hurt.
For the beginning an overview: Where and when Genghis (and his successors) changed history IOTL.
1205-09: Tangutes / Hsi-Hsia
1207: Southern Siberia
1209: Uighurs
1212: Kara-Kitai
1211-15: Northern China
1220: Iraqi Seljuks
1219-25: Choresm
1223: Battle of Kalka - slight influence on Russian princedoms
1227: Hsi-Hsia destroyed
1231: Influence on Korea under the Goryeo Dynasty
1233/34: Strong influence on Northern China
1237: Volga Hungarians, Volga Bulgars defeated
1236-40: Strong influence on Russia except Novgorod
1239: Armenia
since ~1240: Small changes (well, compared to the results of a Mongolian conquest) spread through Europe and Northern Africa.
1241/42: All of Eastern Europe - Teutonic Order, Drang nach Osten, Poland, Silesia, Moravia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria is influenced.
1243: Rum-Seljuks
1255: Kerman-Seljuks
1256: Strong influence on Korea
1258: Strong influence on Caliphate of Baghdad
1274/81: No attack on Japan, no "divine wind" necessary
(1258) 1268-79: Southern China
1287: Pagan Empire in Burma
1337-52: No / delayed Black Death; influences all of Europe, Asia and Northern Africa.
1398 (OK, probably indirect changes will happen earlier here): Sultanate of Delhi
Ogadai against Jalal-ad-Din
1200: Temujin dies by an accident. Since his four sons (Jochi, Chagatai, Ogadai, and Tolui) are still too young (they're between 10 and 15 now), he has no clear successor. Enemies of Temujin, like his former friend and blood brother Jamukha Gurkhan, some of the clans and people he defeated and some people who're simply ambitious try to use the situation, and the people Temujin already united fall apart. Some of Temujin's "Dogs of war" (Subodai, Chilaun, Jelme and Borchu) and his family are still willing to fight to preserve his heritage, but for the beginning his dream has suffered a setback. The following years are filled by infighting between the various steppe tribes and people, with too many battles and changing alliances to mention them.
(as OTL) Sultan Ala ad-Din Tekish of Choresm dies and is succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad.
1205: Ogadai, the most talented and charismatic of Temujin's sons, is old enough to fight by himself for his father's dream, but he still needs the support of his elder brothers and the supporters of his father. He'll never be able to be a ruler as strong as his father.
(as OTL) Muhammad has conquered all of Great Seljuk and declared himself Shah.
1207: Jochi (who is suspected that Temujin isn't really his father) is killed by his brother(?) Chagatai.
1210: After Chagatai dies in a fight, Ogadai finally becomes the accepted Khan of the Mongols. Now he can continue the suspended work of his father to unite the steppe people. He'll take longer for that than his father and won't be 100% successful, though.
(as OTL) 1212: Shah Muhammad defeats the Gur-Khan Kutluk and conquers the lands of the Kara Kitai, to whom the Choresmians once had to pay tribute.
1213: Ogadai defeats the Merkites. Now he plans to fight the Tatars who once killed his father's father, but the attacking Keraites force him to postpone the plan. To make things worse for him, the subjugated people often rebel because he makes them introduce the Mongols' Code of Law.
1216: Keraites defeated by Ogadai. Now he's ready to fight the Tatars.
(as OTL) 1217/18: Shah Muhammad plans to attack the Caliphate of Baghdad, but too many of his soldiers die in a blizzard in the mountains, so he has to postpone the attack.
1221: After many bloody fights, the remaining Tatars join his horde.
1222: Shah Muhammad dies, is succeeded by his son Jalal-ad-Din. (OOC: There's not too much known about him; IOTL, he managed to save himself by jumping from a dangerously high place into a river after having lost against the Mongols; even Genghiz is said to have been impressed by his courage, so I'm giving him the benefit of doubt and make him a courageous warrior ITTL.) Jalal-ad-Din reigns a great empire, consisting of today's Iran and all the -stans. However, this also means he has to care for various groups trying to rebel against him. Being a good warrior, he eventually succeeds and keeps the empire together.
1225: Naimans defeated.
1227: Uighurs defeated. Ogadai notes that they use writing, which the Mongols don't know yet. He thinks it would be a good idea to use this new knowledge.
Since 1229: Ogadai starts writing down the Yassa, the old and new Laws of the Mongols.
1230: Jalal-ad-Din has consolidated his empire.
1230-32: Ogadai leads the united steppe people against the Tangutes / Hsi-Hsia. Their country is overrun, many of their villages burnt down and their people enslaved. The Mongols don't have the necessary technics to storm their cities, though. OTOH, they manage to capture the secret of gunpowder. Ogadai wants to take the cities by besieging them, but after two years the other Mongols think they have a) spent enough time here and b) there's not enough left to loot for the effort. So Ogadai leaves the country for a high tribute (mostly camels). The Hsi-Hsia empire has suffered extermely under the occupation, and won't recover from it.
1233: Jalal-ad-Din demands formal recognition from the caliph in Baghdad. When the caliph Al-Mustansir rejected his claim, the Shah proclaims one of his nobles caliph and marched towards Baghdad to depose the caliph.
1234: Kara-Kitai defeated by Mongols. Ogadai now reigns the biggest empire on the planet.
1235-38: Various campaigns in Southern Siberia against the Kirghiz and Tuvans.
1236: Choresmians take Baghdad, topple the old Abbaside caliph. Al-Mustansir is imprisoned, some of his relatives flee to Egypt and the lands of the Rum-Seljuks.
1240: After a governor of the Choresm Shah insults Ogadai by killing his diplomats, he decides to attack Choresm. In the battle near the city of Otrar, Ogadai and Jalal-ad-Din meet each other. The attack of the Mongols is successful at first, but the courageous Shah manages to collect his men and prevents a catastrophy. The situation at other frontiers is also indecisive.
1241: Ogadai dies. His son Guyuk (not the same-named from OTL) is the designed successor, but some of his family members won't accept him, and some of the allied non-Mongol people (Tatars, Kara-Kitai, Naimans, Merkites) wish for more independency. Jalal-ad-Din can use the situation for a counter-attack and drives the Mongols back behind Lake Balchash. He also manages to get the secret of gunpowder, which will become important in the future. The steppe people once again fall apart, not to be united at least for decades, waiting for another strong leader.
Interesting idea and will have huge butterflies. With the Choresm empire becoming so powerful and reaching as far as Iraq that's going to have knock on effects on the rest of the ME and also India. Possibly also with the crusader states still clinging on in the Levant.
Do you know what is happening in China, which was struggling under the late Song with power in the south and the Jin in the north? Have the Jin or another group unified it or is it still in disorder?
Also for Europe possibly the single biggest question is what happens or not with the black death? Although if Kyiv avoids collapse, albeit I think a lot of the Rus states were being threatened by the Volga Bulgar's, that could drastically alter Russian history with no scope for an isolated settlement like Moscow becoming the centre of a huge, autocratic empire. Mind you someone else might fill that role.
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Post by Max Sinister on May 14, 2023 0:50:16 GMT
Interesting idea and will have huge butterflies. With the Choresm empire becoming so powerful and reaching as far as Iraq that's going to have knock on effects on the rest of the ME and also India. Possibly also with the crusader states still clinging on in the Levant.
Do you know what is happening in China, which was struggling under the late Song with power in the south and the Jin in the north? Have the Jin or another group unified it or is it still in disorder?
Also for Europe possibly the single biggest question is what happens or not with the black death? Although if Kyiv avoids collapse, albeit I think a lot of the Rus states were being threatened by the Volga Bulgar's, that could drastically alter Russian history with no scope for an isolated settlement like Moscow becoming the centre of a huge, autocratic empire. Mind you someone else might fill that role.
Thanks!
Yes, the butterflies will be huge. Although I'll use a limited effect - The Americas and Australia will stay unchanged until their discovery in OTL or TTL, depending which will come first.
Yes, Choresm will stay strong for quite a long time. Unless some power comparable to the Mongols would come along, it's hard to imagine that it might be eradicated.
Well, as the Chinese always say, if the country has been disunited for long time, it's time for reunification. The Song dynasty is pretty old meanwhile.
All in all, I think that the Russian princedoms would be stronger than the Volga Bulgars.
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Post by Max Sinister on May 14, 2023 0:57:33 GMT
East Asia 1200-1250
1201/04?: Muslims start attacking Bengal, conquering it during the next decades, ending the Sena dynasty.
1203: Khmer ruler Jayavarman VIII occupies Champa (South Vietnam) and makes it a Khmer province.
1206: General Aibak takes power in the Sultanate of Delhi.
1211 (2908, Yin Metal Sheep in the Chinese Calendar): Khitan chief Yelü Liuge doesn't revolt in Liaodong, and the general (and IOTL later warlord) Puxian Wannu doesn't have to fight him.
1213 (2910, Yin Water Chicken): Northern Chinese (Jin) emperor Wányán Yongjì isn't killed, continues to reign twenty more years.
1214/15 (2911, Yang Wood Dog / 2912, Yin Wood Pig): Jin don't move their capital to Kaifeng, as they did IOTL
1216: Chola Empire in South India falls apart, later to be replaced by the Pandyan Empire.
1220: Champa regains independence.
1221: End of the Kediri kingdom in East Java, becomes part of Singhasari.
1223: Start of Japanese piracy.
1230s: Song don't cooperate with Mongols, don't win Kaifeng, Luoyang.
1232: The royal court of Goryeo stays in Songdo. In Japan, Joei Code (militarized Code of Law) is introduced.
1234 (2931, Yang Wood Horse): Goryeo creates the world's first metal-based movable type printing press. Jurchen / Jin China doesn't fall.
1235 (2932, Yin Wood Sheep): Wányán Yongjì dies, is replaced by Wányán Shouxù.
1236: Raziah / Raziyyat becomes the first female sultan in Delhi, until she is toppled and killed in 1240.
1238: Two Thai chieftains, Pho Khun Pha Muang and Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, declare their independence from the Khmer Empire and establish a Thai-ruled kingdom.
1243-99: Jayavarman VIII in Kambuja (Cambodia). Being Hindu and radically anti-Buddhist, he is said/estimated to have destroyed 10,000 Buddha statues.
1244 (2941, Yang Wood Dragon): Jin empire demands from Hsi-Hsia to pay them tribute. When the Tangutes (who have suffered under Ogadai's attacks only a few years ago) decline, the Jin decide to make war.
1247 (2944, Yin Fire Sheep): War between Jin and Tangutes begins.
1249: Choe-U (the man behind the throne of Goryeo) dies, to be replaced by his son Choi Hang.
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Post by Max Sinister on May 18, 2023 6:50:14 GMT
Muslim world 1200-1250
1204 (as OTL): Fourth Crusade. Byzantine Empire conquered, Constantinople plundered, Latin Empire founded, which gets one quarter of the lands of the old Empire. Other parts go to Venice or Genoa or become independent. One of the new states is the Empire of Nikaia, which ruler Theodor Laskaris wants to throw out the invaders.
1208 (as OTL): Theodoros Laskaris, ruler of Nikaia, crowned official Byzantine emperor by the patriarch.
1213 (as OTL): Queen Tamara of Georgia dies. During her reign, capital punishment and dismemberment were abolished.
1223: (Armenia doesn't secede from Georgia. No Battle on the river Kalka. Kipchaks / Kumans / Polovtzy still rule the steppes in Southern Russia.)
1224 (as OTL): Kingdom Thessaloniki conquered by Epirus.
1225 (as OTL): Latin Empire cedes almost all of Asia Minor and some islands in the Aegean Sea to Nikaia. Rum-Seljuks conquer Crimea.
1225/26: Choresmians do not invade and plunder Georgia.
1226 (as OTL): Rasulide dynasty takes over in Yemen.
Early 13th century: (OTL Mamluk sultan Baibars isn't captured by the Mongols, stays Kipchak.)
1227 (as OTL): Theodore of Epirus and Thessalonica drives the Nikaian garrison out of Adrianople and annexes much of Thrace. Bulgaria and Nikaia ally against him, defeating and capturing him and dividing his lands in 1230.
1230s: (The Choresmians under Jalal-ad-Din who fled from the Mongols don't confuse the Middle East.)
1239-42 (as OTL): Kay Khusrau II has to quell an upspring led by the popular preacher Baba Ishaq.
1240 (as OTL): Latin Empire meanwhile almost reduced to the capital. Choresm learns the secret of blackpowder (we remember).
1242: (Armenia not conquered by Mongols.)
1243: (Mongols don't attack Rum-Seljuks.)
1244 (as OTL): Jerusalem conquered by sultan as-Salih of Egypt. This was expectable, since the city lacked the hinterland for a better defense. Only difference to OTL: He uses Mamluk soldiers for the attack instead of hired Choresmians. The city is damaged less than IOTL.
1245: Nikaia makes a peace treaty with the Rum-Seljuks (as OTL); but since the latter aren't threatened by the Mongols, Nikaia has to pay a tribute.
1246: Little countries of the Zangids conquered by Choresm. Bulgaria defends better than OTL against Nikaia, keeps most of the conquered (former Byzantine) areas, has to cede only Adrianople and Athos and help Nikaia against the Latin Empire.
1248-54 (as OTL): Sixth Crusade against Egypt stays without success.
1250 (as OTL): Mamluks under Aybak take power in Egypt. At the moment, he shares power with the widow of the last Ayyubid sultan, Shajar ad-Durr.
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Post by Max Sinister on May 24, 2023 14:27:16 GMT
(This part also includes some history of Eastern Europe not inhabited by Russians.)
Early 13th century: (OTL Mamluk sultan Baibars isn't captured by the Mongols, stays Kipchak.)
1212: Vsevolod "The Big Nest" III Dies
1219: Denmark conquers Estonia.
1221: Nishnij Novgorod founded.
1223: (No Battle on the river Kalka. Kipchaks / Kumans / Polovtzy still rule the steppes in Southern Russia.)
1225: Rum-Seljuks conquer Crimea.
1227: Teutonic Order comes into the Kulmer Land (East Prussia, at the Vistula). Yaroslav of Novgorod attacks Finland.
1230: Livonia completely subjugated.
1236-40: Mongol attacks on Russia except Novgorod don't happen.
1237: Friar Julianus returns to the Volga Hungarians, starts to convert them to Christianity and tries to recruit them to settle in Hungary. A delegation of them visits Hungary proper and likes the idea of settling there. The Pope and Hungary support him, too.
Unification of the Teutonic Order and the Brotherhood of the Sword.
(Volga Hungarians, Volga Bulgarians not defeated by Mongols.)
1238: Russian prince Aleksandr Yaroslavich who's the fourth son of his father and has no chance of ever becoming a ruler goes to Vladimir-Suzdal, who are often busy fighting the Volga Bulgarians.
1240s: Kara-Kitai tribes displaced by the Mongols under Ogadai defeat eastern Kipchaks, cross the lower Volga, attack the area south of Don and Volga and destroy the little country of the Alans, a leftover of the völkerwanderung.
1240: Russian prince Aleksandr doesn't have to defeat the Swedes at the Neva.
1241: Bulgarian czar Ivan Asen II dies. Bulgaria loses influence on Serbia and Epirus.
1241/42: The battle of Liegnitz (Legnica) doesn't happen, and neither does the savaging of Poland, Silesia, Moravia, Hungary (which lost half its population IOTL, according to some sources), Romania and Bulgaria by the Mongols. The Teutonic Order doesn't have to pay a high blood toll either.
1242: Aleksandr doesn't have to fight the Livonian knights on frozen Lake Peipus.
1243: King Bela IV of Hungary conquers Bosnia.
1246: Bela IV invades Austria, killing the last duke Friedrich II. His widow Margarete governs in his place. She and his niece Gertrud (wife of Vladislav of Moravia, elder brother of Otakar Przemysl) are the only living heirs.
Baibars who became a Kipchak leader defeats the Kara-Kitai, throws them back behind the Don. He now reigns in the biggest of the six Kuman cities, Sharukan (in OTL Charkov's place).
1247: The elder brother of Otakar Przemysl Vladislav doesn't die.
1250: German settlement has reached the Oder river, and even crossed it in some places, also including southern Silesia.
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Post by Max Sinister on May 27, 2023 18:31:50 GMT
Europe 1200-1250
(OK, it's the same as OTL, but I wanted to make a list in preparation for what comes later.)
1209-29: France eradicates the Albigensians.
1214: Battle of Bouvines, France wins; Angevine Empire ends
1215: Magna Carta in England.
4th Lateran council. Teachings of Cathars and Waldensians condemned, Jews are forced to wear the infamous special hats.
1216: Order of the Dominicans founded.
1217: Civil War in Norway between the Baglers and Birkebeiners ends.
1220-30: German Customary Law written down in the so-called Sachsenspiegel.
1221: Bonaventura (Franciscans) born.
1223: Franciscans acknowledged by the Pope.
1225/26: Thomas of Aquin born.
1226: France becomes hereditary monarchy.
1227: Denmark loses Northern Germany in the Battle of Bornhöved.
German poet Walther von der Vogelweide dies.
1229-35: Aragon conquers the Baleares.
1230: Castille united with Leon by Hernando III the Holy. He conquers Cordoba, Murcia, Jaen, Sevilla; Muslims reduced to Granada.
1231: Papal Inquisition created.
1233/34: The bishop of Bremen calls for a "crusade" against the peasants of Stedingerland, which they lose.
1237: Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II defeats the Lombard army at Cortenuovo.
1241: Friedrich II occupies the Papal states. In the same year, his enemy Gregor IX dies. After the short papacy of Coelestin IV there's a time of two years when there's no Pope.
1246: The French side line Anjou founded. In the same year, they get the Provence.
1250: Friedrich II dies.
Birger Jarl ruler in Sweden.
Portugal conquers the Algarve.
In Florence, the people elect for the first time the 36 caporali di popolo, a political counterweight to the nobles.
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Post by Max Sinister on May 27, 2023 18:33:27 GMT
Rest of the world 1200-1300
America:
1200: Cuzco founded
1200+: Younger culture of Totonaks around Cempoala.
1221: A revolt in Chichen Itza. Maya decide to build a new capital, Mayapan.
1250: Tenochca migrate to the valley of Mexico.
1299: Cocoxtli, ruler of Culhuacan, allows the Mexica / Aztecs to settle in Tizapan.
Sub-Saharan Africa:
~1200: Jolof (in OTL Senegal) settled as small kingdom.
Early 13th century: Ilé-Ifè (OTL SW Nigeria) reaches its peak.
1200+: Empire of Kongo at lower Kongo river emerges.
1203: Soumaoro Kante of the Sosso people occupies Koumbi Saleh, the old capital of Ghana (not today's Ghana, it was more around Mauretania / Mali).
1221-59: Reign of Dunama Dabbalemi of the Sayfawa dynasty in the Kanem Empire (present-day Chad). He expands his empire, initiates diplomatic exchanges with sultans in North Africa and arranges for the establishment of a special hostel in Cairo to facilitate pilgrimages to Mecca. Through his wars he captures many slaves that he sells to the northern kingdoms, so enriching his country. The empire's influence extends westward to Kano (in present-day Nigeria), eastward to Ouaddaï, and southward to the Adamawa grasslands (in present-day Cameroon).
1230s: Sosso's vassals start to rebel. Among them is Mali, rich thanks to gold and salt.
1240: Sundiata Keita of the Mandinka people defeats Sosso king Sumanguru Kante, the murderer of his father and eleven brothers, at the battle of Kirina. After that, he converts to Islam.
Following this victory, Sundiata expands his Empire to include most of the important parts of West Africa, including the towns of Walata, Tadmekka, and Gao at the southern end of the desert trade routes. The Mali Empire is made up of 3 allied states and 12 tributaries. The three states are Mali (which helds the capital of the Empire, Niani), Mema, and Wagadou, the former Ghana Empire. The 12 tributaries are referred to as the 12 doors of Mali to which only the Mansa (emperor) holds the key. They are Djebeda, Tabon, Negueboria, Kankigne, Togom, Sili, Krina, Koulikoro, Diaghan, Kita, Ka-ba, and Do.
1255: Sundiata dies, to be succeeded by his son Mansa Wali Keita. During his reign, he makes Hajj.
1270: Mansa Wali Keita dies. End of the (Falashan) Zagwe dynasty in Ethiopia. Yekuno Amlak comes to power, (re-)starting the Solomonid dynasty.
1272: The Mamluks invade the little Christian country of Makuria, north of Ethiopia.
1276: They invade again to put king David's cousin Shekanda on the throne. In the same year, they annex Al-Maris, former Nobatia. Soon afterwards, Alodia / Alwa is also islamized, making Ethiopia the last Christian kingdom in Africa.
1285: After three weak Mansas, the general and former slave Sakura seizes control of Mali.
1300: Sakura killed near Tripoli.(?)
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Post by Max Sinister on May 30, 2023 23:50:43 GMT
East Asia 1250-1300
1250s: Various border clashes between Choresm and the Sultanate of Delhi.
1251-68: Jatavarman Sundara in Pandyan (South India). He invades Ceylon successfully.
1253 (2950, Yin Water Ox): Kingdom of Dali in SW China survives.
1256 (2953, Yang Fire Dragon): Hsi-Hsia are incorporated into Jin China again. No Mongol conquest of Corea.
1258 (2955, Yang Earth Horse): No Mongol attack against Szechuan as OTL. The mighty Choi family continues to be the power behind the throne of Goryeo.
1259: Lanna kingdom in northern Thailand founded.
1263 (2960, Yin Water Pig): Reforms by Chancellor Jia Sidao in Song China begin. He plans to take land from all the owner of latifundiae bigger than 1/4 sq km, which the state will pay. The surplus land is supposed to become property of the state, to make up for the needed tax money. No wonder there's much resistance, which he counters with all kinds of intrigues.
1267 (2964, Yin Fire Rabbit): Some Mongols under the relatively mighty Khan Khaishan harass Jin China, without being a real danger.
1268-79: No Mongol conquest of Southern China.
1274 (2971, Yang Wood Dog): Song Emperor Duzong dies of natural causes. The new Emperor Gongdi is only five years old!
1274/81: No Mongol attack on Japan, no "divine wind" necessary. Consequences are difficult to estimate - Buddhism, especially Zen Buddhism, stays a bit weaker.
1275: Choi Hang of Goryeo dies, putting his son Choi Ui (not the same as OTL) in power behind the throne.
1277 (2974, Yin Fire Ox): The ruler of Pagan, Narathihapate feels confident in his ability to defeat the Chinese and advances into OTL today's provinces Guizhou / Guangxi. Although theoretically much weaker, he manages to make a lot of trouble for Song China. Rebellions of latifundia owners in the provinces complicate the situation even further.
1279: End of Chola Empire, taken over by Pandyas.
1280 (2977, Yang Metal Dragon): Jia Sidao toppled as chancellor and killed afterwards. The new government decides to make peace and cedes Pagan some areas along the border, to avoid paying tribute, which they could barely afford. They send the message through all provinces that Jia Sidao's planned reforms are off - and that all those who rebelled have to be killed for their disobedience against the state, which is against Confucianism. The property of the rebels is confiscated and sold, which helps the state for some years.
1283: Khmer Empire doesn't have to pay tribute to the Mongols. King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai (Thailand) invents the Thai alphabet.
1284/85 and 1287/88: Vietnam not attacked by Mongols under Kublai.
1287: Pagan (that's the name, not the religion!) Empire in Burma not conquered by Mongols under Kublai.
1290, September 27th (2987, Yang Metal Tiger): Earthquake in Chihli (Province Hopeh), 150,000 people killed. (Even more than IOTL, since the Mongols didn't kill half of North China's population.)
1290: Singhasari drives Srivijaya out of Java. Slave dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate overthrown by the Khilji.
~1290: No Expedition of Kublai Khan's navy to Java. Pasai in Northern Sumatra converts to Islam.
1291: Veera Ballala III comes to power in Hoysala (South India).
1292: Lanna annexes Mon kingdom of Haripunchai in NW Thailand.
1292/99: No Mongols before Delhi.
1293: Jayakatwang, a rebel from Kediri, usurps and kills Kertanagara, king of Srivijaya. Kertarajasa or Prince (Raden) Wijaya fights him.
13th century generally: Philippines experience cultural influence of Majapahit.
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Post by Max Sinister on Jun 3, 2023 9:00:33 GMT
Muslim world 1250-1300
1252: Choresm tries to attack the rich kingdom of Ormus, but is surprisingly defeated by the strong fleet of the latter.
1253 (as OTL): Nikaia attacks Epirus / Thessalia. After hard fights they conquer Thessaloniki.
1254 (as OTL): After the death of Ioannis III Vatatzes, Michael VIII Palaiologos comes to power in Nikaia by a coup.
1255: Shah Jalal-ad-Din of Choresm dies. Some areas of his empire (Kara-Kitai, Afghanistan) try to break away. Kara-Kitai manage to stay independent, but Afghanistan is pacified in the following years and stays in the fold.
1256: Assassins not destroyed. They continue to play a more or less important role in the Middle East. Being Ismailites, the Sunni Muslims are their worst enemies.
1257 (as OTL): Shajar ad-Durr murdered after she has Aybak murdered. Qutuz becomes new sultan of Egypt.
1260: (Baibars I does not become ruler of Egypt.) Mamluks attack Crusader states, conquer Gaza, Askalon and Jaffa (earlier than OTL).
1261: Nikaia attacks Morea, hurts the allied states of Sicily and Epirus (similar as IOTL), but can't establish itself permanently in Mistra, which falls back to the crusaders in the same decade.
1262: Ayyubid sidelines still reigning in Syria who fear the raising power of the Mamluks and Rum-Seljuks appeal to the Choresm Shah (and power behind the Caliph, we remember) for protection. Thus, Choresm's sphere of influence now borders the Mediterranean.
1263: France under Louis IX plans a crusade as retail for the lost cities in Palestine, but Charles of Anjou is busy in Italy.
1265: Rum-Seljuks attack Nikaia, threaten the capital. This time they're content to get some areas (i.e. they don't want the whole empire). Genoa gets the Aegean islands of Lesbos, Chios and Samos, which Nikaia can't defend alone.
1268: The little crusader states of Antiochia and Tripolis (in Lebanon, not in Libya) conquered by Syrian and Choresmian troops.
1270: Seventh Crusade. France attacks Tunisia, without success.
1272: Charles of Anjou conquers the area of Albania.
1273: Baldwin II dies. His son Philip of Courtenay becomes last Latin Emperor.
1276: Finally, Constantinople's conquered by Nikaia (some defenders changed sides, after receiving a big bribe). The Latin Emperor flees to Athens. He becomes dependent of the mighty dukes of Athens and Achaia. Nikaia's energy and power isn't sufficient for further attacks on Epiros and other Crusader states. Emperor Michael has to start talks with the west about a reunification of the churches.
1277: Charles of Anjou conquers Akko, makes himself new king of Jerusalem. This comes in a very unfortunate moment for the crusaders...
1278: Achaia acquired by Charles of Anjou.
1279: Michael VIII Palaiologos dies.
1281: Last Crusader states in Palestine conquered by the Muslims. Teutonic Order moves headquarters from Akko to Venice.
1283: Philip of Courtenay dies.
1284: Rum-Seljuks attack East Roman Empire and conquer Brussa, Nicomedia and Nikaia. (IOTL the Ottomans took eleven years for that, but they were one of many little princedoms in Anatolia then. The Rum-Seljuks, OTOH, already own most of Anatolia...)
1285: Charles of Anjou dies.
1286: King Ottokar I has decided to go on a crusade against the Muslims, after the pope promised him to crown him Holy Roman Emperor. But while he always fought valiantly against the pagans in Prussia and Lithuania, which gave him the epiphet of "the Iron king", he's not so lucky now. Having reached Constantinople with his army, he dies. The crusade is cancelled, and the chance to rekindle actual interest in it is lost.
1287: Catholic and Greek Orthodox church officially reunited, as a last resort. Actually, many Byzantines don't like this idea at all - as they say, they prefer the Sultan's turban to the cardinal's hat.
1290: Aragon and Egypt make an alliance - the first important alliance between a Christian and a Muslim state.
1292: West of Lesser Armenia conquered by the Rum-Seljuks.
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Post by Max Sinister on Jun 7, 2023 1:28:07 GMT
Russian lands 1250-1300
To make long things short: Russia stays disunited, although some centers of power are established: Novgorod reigns in the North and slowly starts to expand East; Vladimir-Suzdal controls the thrones of the East, Chernigov those of South-East. The western principalities are weaker, threatened by the Teutonic Order, the freshly united Poland, and the strong Hungary. And Kiev suffers since the trade with Byzantium is cut off until 1276. There are many little wars for control of the thrones, deposings of princes and coups - too many to mention.
1253: After being defeated by Aleksandr, the Volga Bulgars have to allow the Russians of Vladimir-Suzdal to go with their ships on the Volga without harassing them. This helps Vladimir's trade down to the Caspian Sea, with Choresm.
1257: Constantine Tikh I is elected new Czar of Bulgaria. After the difficult years after Ivan Asen II's death, he gives the country more stability.
1268: Prince Istvan of Hungary invades Bulgaria. Only the weakness of Byzantium and the crusader states, the Hungarian threat to Serbia and the fact that Hungary itself is close to be overextended prevents that Bulgaria is even worse off.
1270: A rebellion of peasants against the rich boyars in Novgorod.
Aleksandr (Nevsky) goes to Chernigov to fight against the Kumans under Baibars, who became more powerful recently.
1274: Hungary occupies Serbia.
1277: No revolt of Ivailo the swineherd in Bulgaria, Constantine Tikh I continues to reign.
1280s: Kumans in Romania cross the Danube, conquer the Karvuna (OTL Dobruja) for themselves, threaten Bulgaria.
1280: After Constantine Tikh I's death, Macedonia becomes independent. In the following decades, the states of Epirus, Byzantium and Bulgaria will compete for this area. Michael Asen II becomes new Bulgarian czar.
1282: Belgrad not conquered by Serbia.
1283: Vladimir-Suzdal finally overwhelms Ryazan, its old challenger.
1284: Stefan Uroš II Milutin of the former Serbian Nemanjić dynasty rebels against the Hungarians. Fightings go on for several years, but at the end, the Hungarians are stronger.
1293: Poland attacks Halicz-Volhyn, taking about one third of the latter's territory.
1295: After the death of Aleksandr, the Russians found the city of Aleksandrskoye at the Volga, at the site of OTL Kazan, also to control the Volga trade better.
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Post by Max Sinister on Jun 10, 2023 4:26:30 GMT
Europe 1250-1300
Since 1240: Christianized Volga Hungarians settle down in Hungary proper, mostly in the Banat (western Vlachia). Vlachia and Moldavia enter the Hungarian sphere of influence.
Fewer German settlers go to Poland (except Pomerania and Silesia), Hungary, Romania or Bulgaria. Instead, they press into Pomerania, East Prussia and (later) the Baltic.
Silesia north of Oder River becomes an area similar to OTL Kashubia during the next centuries, with a population of mixed German-Slavic culture.
1247-64: Hessian-Thuringian war of succession. Sophie of Brabant (who's supported by the Teutonic Knights) makes sure that Hesse stays independent and goes to her son Heinrich "the Child". ITTL he even gets a slightly bigger share, at the expense of Thuringia.
1251: Prince Vladislav of Bohemia has a son, later King Wenceslaus/Vaclav II.
1252: Pope Innocence IV allows the inquisition to use torture to get confessions.
1253: Lithuanian leader Mindaugas christened. King Wenceslaus/Vaclav I of Bohemia dies. Vladislav inherits Bohemia, and also reigns Austria. Otakar Przemysl only gets Moravia.
Genoa acquires Safi in Morocco.
Heinrich/Henryk II the Pious of Silesia, who already rules in Greater and Lesser Poland, is crowned king of Poland, the first since 1079. Although many Piast princes continue to reign in other parts of Poland, his family can keep the king's title.
1254: Hungary "divides" Styria with young King Wenceslaus/Vaclav II. Hungary gets the better part, only a few border cities become Austrian.
In the German princedom of Nassau, Count Otto I is killed after getting in trouble with the Teutonic knights. His brother Walram II gets all of Nassau.
1254-1273: Interregnum in the Holy Roman Empire.
1255: Vladislav of Bohemia dies. His little son inherits Bohemia and Austria. Otakar Przemysl administers his lands until his adulthood.
Bavaria divided: Lower Bavaria goes to Heinrich XIII, Upper Bavaria and the Palatinate to Ludwig II.
Otakar tries to improve the situation, wages war against Hungary, but is defeated. In the next few years, he has to suppress Bohemian and Austrian nobles discontent with his rule. He becomes a bit more humble and more pragmatic in the future, looks for new allies, makes peace with the Bavarian dukes and marries Sophie of Wittelsbach.
Teutonic Order founds Herzogsberg (named after Ottokar) at the site of OTL Königsberg. Hungarian prince Stephen/Istvan marries a princess of the Volga Hungarians.
1256: Holy Roman king Wilhelm of Holland dies.
Portugal's capital moved to Lisbon.
1257: Alfonso X of Castile and Richard of Cornwall elected Holy Roman kings.
Otakar Przemysl goes to Prussia, helps to suppress a big uprising of the Prussians.
1258-65: Uprisings of the barons in England. The king has to accept the Oxford Provisions.
1259: First German trading alliance (Lübeck, Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar), which will later develop into the Hanseatic League.
England loses all possessions in France but Guyenne.
1260: Saxony divided into the lines of Saxony-Wittenberg and Saxony-Lauenburg.
Prussians subjugated. Western Farther Pomerania and parts of East Prussia are already settled.
After the Mamluks took some cities in Palestine, a new crusade is planned. But since Charles of Anjou has other plans, it has to be postponed. At first, France has to recover from the war with England; then, the pope gives Charles of Anjou the kingdom of Naples, which is more important ...
1261: Otakar has a son, named Heinrich.
1261/62/64: Greenland and Iceland become Norwegian.
1262: Hungarian Prince Stephen rebels against his father, practically gets his own kingdom in Eastern Hungary.
1263: Lithuanian leader Mindaugas murdered by his own people, who become pagans again. The stronger settlement of Germans in Prussia makes them feel threatened. Although they could probably be quite successful if they hid in their dense forests, they dare to leave them and attack the Teutonic knights on their turf. This only leads to their defeat.
1266: Scotland buys the Hebrides and Man from Norway.
Charles of Anjou comes to power in Naples-Sicily after defeating and killing regent Manfred.
King Henryk of Poland dies, to be succeeded by his son (also called Henryk).
1268: Childless duke Ulrich III of Carinthia and Carniole makes a secret contract with Otakar Przemysl, that the latter one will inherit his lands after his death (which comes next year).
Konradin, last descendant of Friedrich II, killed by Charles of Anjou.
1269: Last uprising of the Prussians defeated.
1270: Germans settle everywhere in Pomerania, and in half of East Prussia. Settlement in the Baltic extended. Teutonic knights decide to subjugate the Lithuanians too.
King Bela IV of Hungary dies.
French start Seventh crusade against Tunis (Palestine was planned, but Charles thinks Tunis is better - it's certainly closer to his new lands in Italy), which ends in a defeat and king Louis IX's death.
~1270: First portolan charts (maps for sea travel).
1271: French kings inherit Toulouse. Gregor X elected pope.
1272: Charles of Anjou conquers the area of Albania.
King Stephen of Hungary dies, to be succeeded by Ladislaus/Laszlo IV.
1273: After the death of HRE king Richard and the forced abdication of Alfonso the HRE has to elect a new king. Among the candidates are the French king Philippe III and Otakar Przemysl of Moravia and Carinthia. ITTL, he isn't absent from the election and can influence it better. The other princes also consider him less dangerous since his nephew reigns independent from him. Since his nephew, the elector of Bohemia, votes for him, the Upper Bavarian duke Ludwig II and the three archbishops support him too, he is elected King Ottokar I of the HRE.
1274: Summa Theologiae written by Thomas Aquinas. Catholic Second Council of Lyon.
1275: King Ottokar leads the Empire against Hungary, defeats the new king and gets Styria back for the HRE. Styria is divided: Western Styria becomes part of Austria (thus connecting the Przemysls' possessions), the rest (two thirds) become (Upper) Bavarian.
1276: Philippe III of France fights Castile for reasons of succession without success.
1276 or 1290: Marsilius of Padua born.
1277: Zemgale and Samogitia conquered by the Teutonic Order. Despite the dangerous situation in the crusader cities, Charles of Anjou conquers them and makes himself king of Jerusalem.
1278: Achaia acquired by Charles of Anjou.
1280: German settlement everywhere through Danzig and East Prussia.
1281: Teutonic Order moves from Akko to Venice.
1282: Sicilian vespers. All French on the island killed, Sicily becomes part of Aragon.
Magna Carta in Denmark.
Belgrad not conquered by Serbia.
1284: Wales annexed by England. Genoa defeats Pisa, acquires Corsica, Elba and Sardinia.
1285: Aragonese crusade as revenge for Sicilian vespers, with no success.
1286: The "Maid of Norway" doesn't drown, arrives in Scotland.
Otakar Przemysl dies. The two Przemyslid heirs, Wenzel/Vaclav and Heinrich are still too inexperienced to play an important role in the HRE, which the other princes don't exactly dislike.
Rudolf of Habsburg elected new king.
1287: Great flood swallows lots of lands in the Netherlands, creating the Zuider Zee, which makes it possible for Amsterdam to become an important harbor later.
1288: Gotland becomes Swedish.
1289: Lithuania subjugated and administered by the Teutonic knights. Later becomes the province of Littauen. At the moment, however, the Teutonic knights are mostly restricted to the valley of Memel/Nyemen river.
1290: Jews evicted from England.
In Scotland, the young queen (nine years of age) dies. King Edward I of England interferes for the succession, Balliol becomes new king.
Andras III, last king of the Arpad dynasty in Hungary.
1291: Rudolf of Habsburg dies. His lands in SW Germany are divided between his sons Albrecht (same as OTL) and Rudolf (not the same as OTL) - quite dangerous, since the lands of the Habsburgs are already smaller, but the younger son insisted that he gets his share. The Upper Bavarian duke Ludwig II (Ludwig IV as king) is elected new Roman king.
The first three cantons of Switzerland make an anti-Habsburg alliance.
Tarifa conquered by Castile.
1294: Pope Coelestin V, a former eremite, elected, but resigns in the same year. His successor Boniface is quite the opposite of him.
The Habsburgs try to annex the Swiss Confederation, but are defeated at Morgarten, and the king (who's been in competition with the Meinhardiner in Tyrol, relatives of the Habsburgs) rather supports the Swiss.
1295: Roman king Ludwig dies (one year later than OTL). Ascanian Otto IV of Brandenburg becomes new king of the HRE.
1296: Auld Alliance between France and Scotland (everything happens one year later than OTL).
1297: King Philippe IV the Fair attacks Flanders. War between England and Scotland begins.
1298: Scottish uprisings under William Wallace.
1300: Another Lithuanian uprising defeated.
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Post by Max Sinister on Jun 15, 2023 4:50:34 GMT
East Asia 1300-1350
Since 1300 (2997, Yang Metal Rat): Growing Nipponese piracy greatly hurts extern trade of Song China.
before 1300-30: Sultans of Delhi invade and annex Gujarat and parts of the Deccan (South India).
1301 (2998, Yin Metal Ox): Famine in Song China kills several million people.
1306 (3003, Yang Fire Horse): After the Song government fails to pay the officials in some provinces, the unrest grows. People more and more agree that the emperor lost the Mandate of Heaven. In this year, the rebellions start with Szechuan seceding from the empire, becoming an independent kingdom.
1309 (3006, Yin Earth Chicken): All of South China in unrest. The emperor is killed in the chaos. Jin China also uses the opportunity to plunder and annex parts of the Yangtse area. Many wars and revolts shake up South China for some time.
1310: The Vietnamese king Tran Anh Tong defeats Champa (South Vietnam) and makes it a vassal.
1311: Hojo Sadatoki dies. He's the last recognizable member of the Hojo ITTL, who're the real power in Nippon behind the powerless shogun.
1317: Rama Khamheng destroys Khmer Empire.
~1320: Sukhothai in North Thailand starts to break apart.
1330 (3027, Yang Metal Horse): After the dust has settled in China, the so-called Four Kingdoms have formed: Szechuan, one kingdom of the coastal areas, one kingdom along the Yangtse and one kingdom in the inner parts, named after the city of Hong.
1333: Kamakura peroid in Japan doesn't end.
1336: Mujahid Sultanate in the Deccan founded by a Turkish governor named Mohammed Mujahid Shah, breaking away from the Delhi Sultanate.
1337 (3034, Yin Fire Ox): Outbreak of the Black Death in Hubei, China. Because there's no world-spanning Mongol Empire with no inner barriers as IOTL, which helped trade enormously, and China itself is split, it takes longer to spread.
1340 (3037, Yang Metal Dragon): Black Death spread all along the Yangtse.
1343: In South India, the Vijayanagara Empire of the Hindu is founded, as a counterpart to the Muslim states, replacing the Hoysala Empire. (Vijayanagar means "city of the victor", so it could very well appear here too, despite of butterflies.)
1344 (3041, Yang Wood Monkey): Black Death hits Hong China.
1347 (3044, Yin Fire Pig): Black Death hits the South Chinese coast kingdom.
1349 (3046, Yin Earth Ox): Black Death reaches Szechuan.
1350: Thai found empire of Ayutthaya / Ayutha.
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Post by Max Sinister on Jun 24, 2023 12:38:49 GMT
Muslim world 1300-1350
1302: After the defeat in the 1280s, Byzantium has retreated behind the Bosporus and defended itself successfully from there, being safe for a while. The union with the Catholic church has been dissolved again, and despite of that and the toppling of emperor Andronikos II after said defeat, the country has enjoyed relative peace. Now however, the country is attacked by the ambitious Charles of Valois, who wants to become new Latin emperor. Thrace is overrun, and in their panic the Byzantines call the Rum-Seljuks for help. The Seljuks indeed throw the crusaders out again, but they don't think about giving Thrace to Byzantium again... now the empire only consists of the capital and Thessaloniki.
1304: Kingdom of Lesser Armenia becomes a tributary of the Rum-Seljuks (without war).
1306: Order of the Johannites buys Rhodos from Genoa.
1310: Seljuks defeat Bulgaria the first time, taking the South with Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and the Aegean coast. Czar Michael Asen III falls in battle.
1314: Thessaloniki conquered by Seljuks.
Since 1318: The new Choresm Shah Arslan I of the Karluk dynasty consolidates the empire and also adds Kashgar to it.
1319: Rum-Seljuks conquer the disputed area of Macedonia.
1323 / 1364: Rasulid Yemen loses against Mamluk Egypt. Hejaz now controlled by the latter.
1325: Zaidite dynasty restricts Rasulids to South Yemen.
1327: Constantinople falls after a long siege, effectively defeated by the hunger. Many Byzantines flee, parts to free Greek states or Trapezunt, others to Italy (mostly Florence, Genoa and Milan, avoiding Anjou Naples, the Papal States and Venice), again others even to Kiev. Genoa loses access to the Black Sea, suffering economic decline in the following years. The knowledge they bring to Western Europe helps spawning the "Rinascita" (it wasn't called that at this time) that already started in the last century.
1329: Another Seljuk victory against Bulgaria. Sofia falls.
1333: Seljuks conquer Thessalia. The remaining states in Greece start to panic, appeal for a new crusade, but with no success: Italy is divided, the HRE kings struggle with the ope or are too weak, France is first too poor and later under various kings, Hungary busy with Serbia and Kumans.
1334: Choresm and Mamluk Egypt clash over Syria / Palestine. Choresm wins and annexes northern Palestine, but news about unrest in Afghanistan force the Shah to cancel further advancing.
1338: After the necessary organizations, a small crusade organized mostly by small nations like Savoy happens, and Thessalia is reconquered. Bulgaria gets Sofia back.
1342: Lesser Armenia annexed by the Rum-Seljuks.
1347: Army of Georgia defeated, southern half of Trapezunt conquered.
1348: Rum-Seljuk ruler Kay Khusrau III dies, divides his empire between his sons Kay Khusrau IV of Rum (rules the European possessions and about a quarter of Asia Minor) and Kilij Arslan IV in Konya (former Ikonion).
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Post by Max Sinister on Jun 29, 2023 1:46:54 GMT
Russian lands 1300-1350
1300: The Teutonic Order moves its headquarters from Venice to Marienburg at the Vistula.
1303-07: Serbian rebellion under Stepan Hrebeljanovic. At the end, Hungary has to give them independence. The new Serbia under czar Stepan also includes Bosnia.
1315: Teutonic Order decides to invade Russia.
1319: Young Serbia clashes with the Rum-Seljuks in Macedonia, but is defeated.
1320s: In Novgorod, the ushkuiniki (Russian river pirates) don't come into existence, since the stronger Vladimir-Suzdal is too deterring. Instead, the Novgorodians will start to explore Siberia, starting with the Ob river.
1322: Russian princedom of Polozk conquered by Teutonic Order. Parts of the population flee, first to Smolensk, later also to Novgorod, after Smolensk is unwilling / unable to help them. The former princedom is germanized through the centuries, since the Germans still quell to the East. City names in NE Russia like Novopolozk and Nishny Polozk will tell about their wanderings. The city of Polozk itself is later known under the name of Plotzeck.
1323: Serbia invades the crusader states of Epirus and Thessalia, but loses them a few years later again.
1328: Refugees from conquered Constantinople arrive in Russia, settle mostly in Kiev. The city suffers under the loss of trade with Byzantium (it wasn't much left after the resurrection of the Byzantine Empire), but gains importance as a cultural center, thanks to the influx of Byzantine scholars. Later, when a Kievan prince marries a Byzantine noblewoman, and founds schools and libraries to plead her, this will become even more apparent.
1334: Vladimir-Suzdal declares that the metropolitan of Vladimir is the highest authority for Orthodox Christianity. Not everyone agrees with them, though.
1348: Russian princedom of Turov-Pinsk conquered. Similar events: Part of the people flee, end up in Vladimir-Suzdal's sphere of influence, settle in the areas formerly inhabited by Volga Bulgars and Volga Hungarians. Turov becomes the German city of Thurau.
(I've left out various little wars among the princedoms, dynastic marriages, im- and deposing (including murder, sometimes) of princes, and border wars of Russian states with the Teutonic Order, Sweden, Kumans and Volga Bulgars again. Sorry for Western Eurocentrism.)
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