Post by 575 on Mar 2, 2021 20:36:24 GMT
Now having had a look around the premises I've dug up a long time project of mine. Not finished yet but now would be the time doing so I think.
The Political situation of Scandinavia 1905
Norway had been in Personal Union with the Kingdom of Sweden since 1814 when Denmark-Norway being on the losing Napoleonic side had to cede Norway to Sweden which in turn would cede Swedish Pomern to Prussia which would then cede Saxony-Lauenburg to Denmark!
By 1864 Prussia Austria and the German Confederation went at war with Denmark because of the Schleswig question. Since 1326 Schleswig and Holstein had been party to the Kingdom of Denmark with usually the Danish King ruling both as Duke. By 1814 this number had been added to by the addition of the Duchy of Saxony-Lauenburg. Denmark had become a democracy on the ewe of battle 1848 when the first war between the Kingdom of Denmark and the Rebellious Schleswig-Holstein Duchies supported by Prussia and the German Confederation. Mainly due to Russian support Denmark managed to keep the Duchies but trying to incorporate these with the Kingdom on a democratic bases proved impossible due to the peace accord of the 1848-50 War - the Treaty of London 1851.
So by 1864 Denmark overconfident of its capabilities entered war with the German States and of course lost. This defeat signalled a wait for regaining some of the lands of Schleswig (or Slesvig in Danish) which became possible by 1918 following German defeat in WWI.
If Denmark had an evil neighbor to the south Sweden had one to the east having lost Finland to Russia in 1809.
Norway had been in Personal Union with the Kingdom of Sweden since 1814 when Denmark-Norway being on the losing Napoleonic side had to cede Norway to Sweden which in turn would cede Swedish Pomern to Prussia which would then cede Saxony-Lauenburg to Denmark!
By 1864 Prussia Austria and the German Confederation went at war with Denmark because of the Schleswig question. Since 1326 Schleswig and Holstein had been party to the Kingdom of Denmark with usually the Danish King ruling both as Duke. By 1814 this number had been added to by the addition of the Duchy of Saxony-Lauenburg. Denmark had become a democracy on the ewe of battle 1848 when the first war between the Kingdom of Denmark and the Rebellious Schleswig-Holstein Duchies supported by Prussia and the German Confederation. Mainly due to Russian support Denmark managed to keep the Duchies but trying to incorporate these with the Kingdom on a democratic bases proved impossible due to the peace accord of the 1848-50 War - the Treaty of London 1851.
So by 1864 Denmark overconfident of its capabilities entered war with the German States and of course lost. This defeat signalled a wait for regaining some of the lands of Schleswig (or Slesvig in Danish) which became possible by 1918 following German defeat in WWI.
If Denmark had an evil neighbor to the south Sweden had one to the east having lost Finland to Russia in 1809.
Background:
Due to a discussion thread on the late CF.net during 2015 I looked up some data; possibly to do a TL on the Norwegian declaration of independence 1905.I stumbled on some Swedish and Norwegian discussion forae where the situation had been debated and looked up the hardware of the day.
I also found a most interesting overview of the Norwegian – Swedish time of Union www.stortinget1905.no/popup/pdf/oversiktsartikkel.pdf though it is in Norwegian.
Another overview this time found on the Norwegian Defence Academy site also helped clarify some points to me and made for quite some interesting issues I wasn't aware of; mostly that Russia was the external threat that kept the two countries together for so long.
That threat to Sweden-Norway in 1905 with the recent Russian defeat in the Far East was close to non-existant; at least on the waves of the Baltic as the Russian Baltic Fleet were resting securely on the bottom of the Tsushima Strait!
1905 was also the year of the first Moroccan crisis leading to French mobilization against Germany; during June following threats of war by German chancellor Bülow on the issue.
The crisis would flare up now and then during the rest of the year until the Algeciras conference the following year.
Some years ago I had the six volumes of Dansk Udenrigspolitiks Historie (History of Danish Foreign Policy) for Christmas of which volume three devote some space to the dissolving of the Norwegian-Swedish Union.
One point being that the Norwegians wanted a King as head of state to dispel argument of being revolutionaries; as the Swedish King didn't want to supply a son or at least didn't answer the Norwegian request for such as its future Monarch the logical choice would be Prince Carl of Denmark.
Carl being married to Princess Maud of Britain which was seen as the natural protector of Norway due to the common interest in open sea lanes and close trade connections.
While the Danish Royal family was hesitant; to keep good relations with the Swedish Royal house it would insist on a referendum in Norway to show the support of Royalty and reject the possible Republic. This referendum took place on 13. August 1905.
The Danish Foreign Office was far more direct in its support of Norwegian independence.
With the Norwegian – Swedish crisis originating in the Norwegian demand for a separate consular service to aid its numerous merchant marine around the world Denmark made itself available to Norwegian wanting of communications with the world; much to the annoyance of the Swedish Government and an issue on which Sweden was close to declaring war upon or at least cutting off trade.
As negotiations of dissolving the Union dragged on during July with Swedish demands on shared watersystems and later on demolishing Norwegian border fortifications King Edward 7 adviced his son in law Prince Carl to go to Norway.
If the Danish Royal house was hesitant to name Prince Carl a candidate to the throne of Norway Danish Government was much less so.
On 30. July the Swedish Coastal Squadron sent the eight most modern armoured ships to Göteborg.
The Swedish Navy's new submarine Hajen (Shark) sailed by internal waterways from Stockholm to Göteborg on the west coast close to the border with Norway to prepare for an amphibious operation that would circumvent the Norwegian border fortifications.
In both Norway and Sweden troops and materiel was mobilized for the possible upcoming conflict.
During the heathed atmosphere Norway held a referendum to dissolve the Union and decide upon the country becoming a monarchy on 13. August 1905.
As the Norwegian – Swedish delegations convened at Karlstadt during early September 1905 Denmark saw to that the Great Powers were briefed on the Swedish demands as informed by the Norwegians much to the annoyance and fury of the Swedes.
All needed to divert from our timeline would be a small nudge; there was a window of opportunity and I think those involved very well knew this.
Why did Denmark dare furthering such activist foreign policy on the matter when it during that time usually kept very low mainly due to the unbecoming German neighbour?
For starters Foreign Minister Raben-Leventzau knew of the plans of the German Emperor to do alliance with the Tsar as entered by these during their summer cruises in the Baltic by late July 1905 but perceived from diplomatic feelers that something had gone awry in that process.
Something which fuelled the daily speculations in Scandinavian and international newspapers as the news were annoying to both British and French Governments as a German – Russian rapprochement would be resented as upsetting the status quo among the Great Powers.
Secondly the German Emperor had aquisited to the wishes of Edward 7 of seeing his son in law, Danish Prince Carl, on the Norwegian throne which was seen as a clear go-ahead by the British; and a German decision of non interference.
In the end this belief was strenghtened by Admiral Fishers resolve to dispatch a major Royal Navy force for a visit to Copenhagen to deter any Imperial German effort to drag Denmark into alliance and shut Britain out of the Baltic!
Thirdly the Germans being preoccupied by the discussions with France over Morocco seemed to assure that the Germans would stay out militarily though a German Naval effort couldn't be ruled out.
The British Naval response clearly being a “hands-off”.
The Norwegian politicians held the identical perceptions; it would be now or wait for another window to present itself.
And for how long? It had been ninety years since 1814 – they didn't want to wait another ninety.
A major change as the King viewed Cabinet as his Cabinet not the expression of the will of the limited constituency and due hereto every Minister would be wearing military uniform – the first Minister of War A.F. Tscherning holding the rank of Captain was promoted Colonel by the King as a rank befitting a royal minister – at the Kings command.
Come Systemskiftet 1904 the King no longer had a say in the dress of Government and composition of Cabinet though he retained the right of asking the man he wanted to form Government to do so. This last embattlement only stood one year; by 1905 full parliamentary process had become the order of the day of Danish political life though by 1920 King Christian X would try reverse the proces and being threatened with general strike and a workers revolution.
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