The world of the New Netherlands

Wars involving the North America Continent

Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665 to 1667)

Despite a attempt by the English in 1664 to capture New Amsterdam and with it the New Netherlands colony before the outbreak of the war in 1665 only the Dutch republic was for a short time active on the North American continent during the war with Admiral Michiel de Ruyter capturing some English merchant ships and seizing the English colony of St. John's before he headed back to Europe thereby ending the seizure of St. John's and the end of active fighting on the North American continent.

Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678)

Using the New Netherlands colony as a staging base the Director-General of New Netherland ordered the Navy of the Dutch Republic to fight the French in the North Atlantic and the Caribbean which resulted in the temporally capturing of two small forts in the French colony of Acadia in 1674 but who were transferred back to the French kingdom in the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678.

Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674)

The Third Anglo-Dutch War was a military conflict between England and the Dutch Republic lasting from 1672 to 1674. It was part of the larger Franco-Dutch War. England's Royal Navy joined France in its attack on the Republic, but was frustrated in its attempts to blockade the Dutch coast by four strategic victories by Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter. An attempt to make the province of Holland an English protectorate rump state likewise failed. Parliament, fearful that the alliance with France was part of a plot to make England Roman Catholic, forced the king to abandon the costly and fruitless war.

The Third Anglo–Dutch War saw only limit skirmishes between the England's Royal Navy and the Dutch States Fleet operating out of the colony of New Netherlands.

War of the Grand Alliance (1688-1697)

Saw the first heavy fighting between England and the Dutch republic and their respective American Indian allies in New Netherlands and New England versus France and their respective American Indian allies in their colonies of Canada (New France) and Acadia.

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

Mostly saw fighting between the colonists of England and the Dutch republic against those of France and Spain, with each side drawing on the support of allied native tribes, and also receiving some support in the form of naval expeditions.

War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718-1720)

North America saw no fighting between the warring sides during this war.

War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

The War of the Austrian Succession involved nearly all the powers of Europe, included the Dutch republic and its colony of New Netherlands. Also known as King George's War in North America which is the name given to the operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession. It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars. It took place primarily in the Dutch republic colony of New Netherlands, and the British colonies of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia. Its only successful large-scale action was a major expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that successfully besieged the French fortress of Louisbourg in 1745. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle that ended the war in 1748 restored Louisbourg to France, and failed to resolve any outstanding territorial issues.

Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

While there was fighting between the Great Britain and France in North America in what is known as the French and Indian War. Both the Dutch republic and its colony of New Netherlands where not involved in the war and saw no fighting in the conflict.

Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1779-1783)

The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1779-1783) better known as the American War of Independence (1775-1783) saw heavy fighting between the Dutch republic and its colony of New Netherlands against Great Britain. While the war ended disastrously for the Dutch republic, the colony of New Netherlands together with the 11 colonies and later the French managed to defeat Great Britain and secured the independence of the United States and gave the colony of New Netherlands more autonomy in governing its own affairs.

War of the First Coalition (1792-1797)

While there was no fighting on the American continent, the War of the First Coalition is considered the end of the colony of New Netherlands as the Dutch Republic was invaded and annexed by the French Republic thereby ending the Dutch Republic and forcing the colony of New Netherlands to declare their independence by with the foundation of the Kingdom of the New Netherlands in 1795.

War of the Second Coalition (1798-1802)

Also known as the 1st Franco-New Netherlands War 1798 to 1802, only the New Netherlands Navy engaged the French in several naval engagements either alone or together with the British Navy.

War of the Third Coalition (1803-1805)

Also known as the 2nd Franco-New Netherlands War, while the Kingdom of New Netherlands was involved on the side of the Government of the Dutch Republic in exile and the United Kingdom it saw no fighting.

1st American civil war (1805-1807)

Also known as the war of 1805 in which the New England region declared their independence from the United States of America, as a result of the New England region being separated by the Kingdom of New Netherlands and it wanting to have closer ties to the United Kingdom. The war was mostly fought by the Navy of New England and the United States Navy due the sides not sharing a land border, it ended in 1807 with the signing of the Treaty of New Amsterdam where both American sides recognized each other as independent countries.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

When the United States of America declared war against the United Kingdom in 1812, for a number of reasons, including a desire for expansion into the Northwest Territory, trade restrictions because of the United Kingdom ongoing war with France and resentment for its trade with New England during the 1st American civil war (1805-1807). It saw heavy fighting on land and in the sea band only ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.

War of the Sixth Coalition (1813-1814)

Also known as the 4th Franco-New Netherlands War, when the Kingdom of New Netherlands joined as a Co-belligerent to the United Kingdom as it did not wanted to enter into an alliance with a nation who was at war with a nation it bordered, in 1814 the War of the Sixth Coalition ended and the New Netherlands Navy went back to its peace strength.

War of the Seventh Coalition (March 20th to July 8th 1815)

Also known as the 5th Franco-New Netherlands War, this was the last war in the Franco-New Netherlands Wars. The war saw no fighting on the American continent.

Texas War of Independence (1835-1836)

A military conflict between the United Mexican States and settlers in the Texas portion of the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas. The conclusion of the Texas War of Independence resulted in the creation of the Republic of Texas in 1836.

Texas-Indian Wars (1845-1875)

The Texas-Indian Wars were a series of conflicts between settlers in Texas and Plains Indians. These conflicts began when the first settlers moved into Spanish Texas, and continued through Texas's time as part of Mexico, as its own nation, Republic of Texas, and did until 1875.

Yucatán War of Independence (1841-1848)

A military conflict between the United Mexican States and the Second Republic of Yucatán who in 1841 declared their independence from the United Mexican States. For more than seven years the Yucatecan peninsula saw heavy fighting both on land between the Republic of Yucatán and the United Mexican States and on sea where the Republic of Texas, a country who managed to gain its independence in 1836 also was involved due their attempted support of the Second Republic of Yucatán.

Despite the best efforts and support from the Republic of Texas the Second Republic of Yucatán lost its war of independence in 1848 and the Yucatecan peninsula was reabsorbed back into the United Mexican States.

1st Mexican-Texas War (1842-1843)

A Mexican force of over 500 men, invaded the Republic of Texas for the first time since the revolution. They soon headed back to the Rio Grande after briefly occupying San Antonio. About 1,400 Mexican troops, led by a French mercenary general launched a second attack and captured San Antonio on September 11th 1842. A Texas militia retaliated at the Battle of Salado Creek. A reinforcement militia, however, was defeated by Mexican soldiers and Texas Cherokee Indians on September 18th during the Dawson Massacre. The Mexican army would later retreat from the city of San Antonio ending the 1st Mexican-Texas War in 1843.

1st Mexican-American War (1846–1848)

An armed conflict between the United States and the United Mexican States due the United States recognizing the Republic of Texas as an independent state. The war ended in a victory for the United States which got control of what is best known as California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Oklahoma and New Mexico.

2nd Mexican-American War (1858-1860)

The United Mexican States tried to invade the United States to reclaim lost the territory they lost in the 1st Mexican-American War, but the United States managed to fight back the Mexican invasion and as a result with the second United States victory over the United Mexican States the United States got control of the Mexican state of Baja California.

2nd American Civil War (1861-1865)

The 2nd American Civil War was the result of decades of sectional tensions between the North and South. Focused on slavery and states’ rights, these issues came to a head following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Over the next several months eleven southern states believing they could follow the example of the Commonwealth of New England who won their independence in the 1st American civil war (1805-1807) seceded from the United States of America and formed the Confederate States of America. During the first two years of the war, Southern troops won numerous victories but saw their fortunes turn after losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863. From then on, Northern forces worked to conqueror the South, forcing them to surrender in April 1865.

Mexican Civil War (1860-1867)

As a result of the United Mexican States losing the 2nd Mexican-American War, the United Mexican States loaned large amounts of money to pay for the war and war damages to the United states from the Second French Empire, Kingdom of Spain and the United Kingdom who with the end of the 2nd Mexican-American War began to demand to have their money back. Unable to pay the Second French Empire invaded the United Mexican States in 1860, which can be regarding as the beginning of the Mexican Civil War.

In 1861 a year into the French intervention in Mexico, the Mexican monarchists who wanted to restore the Mexican Empire offered their support to the French Napoleon III in return for arming their forces with modern weapons. In 1862 the Imperial Mexican Army funded and supplied by the Second French Empire was created and began attacking the Mexican Republicans together with the French forces present in Mexico, by the end of 1862 the Mexican monarchists and the French where at the gates of Mexico City. By 1863 the Mexican monarchists and French forces had control of Mexico City and halve of the country and later in the same year, Archduke Ferdinand by the request of both Napoleon III and the Mexican monarchists accepted the crown and became the first Emperor of the Second Mexican Empire.

When the United States won the 2nd American Civil War in 1864 the fear that they might intervene on behave of the Mexican Republicans in the ongoing Mexican Civil War proved to be untrue despite the fact that United States President Abraham Lincoln had supported the republicans but due to their own civil war was unable to intervene, when in 1864 the United States began to make plans to intervene on behave of the Mexican Republicans it proved too late with the Mexican monarchists and French controlling the country and the Mexican Republicans only controlling border towns with the United States and the Republic of Texas.

By 1866, six years into the Mexican Civil War the Second French Empire cut their forces of 40,000 to 20,000 as it felt assured that both the French trained Imperial Mexican Army and the remaining French forces in Mexico would be enough to defeat the remaining Mexican Republicans forces still fighting. In 1867 the Mexican Republicans leader Benito Juárez and his government-in-exile where captured ending the Mexican Civil War in favor of the Mexican monarchists and the French and allowing the Second Mexican Empire to survive as empire.

2nd Mexican-Texas War (1870-1872)

When the Second French Empire who still maintained 10,000 troops in the Second Mexican Empire removed all their forces in 1868 due the threat of war between the North German Confederation lead by the Kingdom of Prussia, the still young Second Mexican Empire now without protection was left on its own. Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico believing that drastic measures where needed in order for the Second Mexican Empire to survive in its present form began to take action, first by asking brother Emperor Franz Joseph I of the Austro-Hungarian Empire to help him, Emperor Franz Joseph I decided to fill that comply and also to fill the gap the French had left with their departure from Mexico and send the Austria Volunteers Corps consisting of some 3,500 to the Second Mexican Empire.

By 1870 the Second Mexican Empire was ready to act, using a border incident as a pretext to invade. The Imperial Mexican Army launched their invasion of the Republic of Texas who was caught of guard by the invasion. By 1871 the Mexicans had regain much of the territories of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas that where part of the Republic of Texas sins its independence in the Texas War of Independence (1835-1836). The United States who did not want a major war along its northern border began to pressure both sides to end the conflict and managed to mediate an end to the 2nd Mexico-Texas War in 1872 with the signing of the treaty of Santa Fe giving the Second Mexican Empire a majority of the Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas back to them.

The successful Mexican campaign railed the Mexican people behind the Emperor Maximilian I as he had hoped it would and replaced the Second French Empire who had lost the Franco-Prussian War (July 19th 1870 to May 10th 1871) with the Austro-Hungarian Empire as the newest supporter to the Second Mexican Empire. The 2nd Mexican-Texas War also was the end of the Texas concept of volunteers or militia, who came and went at will as they where unable to fight the Imperial Mexican Army who trained by the French and later the Austro-Hungarians where better trained and equipped then they and saw the creation of a professional Republic of Texas Army.

Tamaulipas War (1875)

The Tamaulipas War was a brief armed conflict fought mainly between a force of Texas Rangers and an a unit belonging to the Imperial Mexican militia. It took place in November 1875 in the Mexican-Texas border region of Tamaulipas. The Texans crossed the border into Mexican territory with the purpose of returning stolen cattle to the Texas side but they were drawn into a battle with local militia forces. When the fighting was over the Mexicans returned the cattle to the Texans.

Spanish-American War (April 25th to August 12th 1898)

A conflict between the kingdom of Spain and the United States. Revolts against Spanish rule had been endemic for decades in Cuba and were closely watched by Americans. By 1897–98, American public opinion grew angrier at reports of Spanish atrocities. After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship USS Iowa in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed President William Jennings Bryan, also a Democrat, into a war. An ultimatum sent to Madrid demanding it relinquish control of Cuba immediately, which was not accepted. First Madrid, then Washington, formally declared war.

Although the main issue was Cuban independence, the ten-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. A series of one-sided American naval and military victories followed on all fronts, owing to their numerical superiority in most of the battles and despite the good performance of some of the Spanish infantry units. The outcome was the 1898 Treaty of Paris—which was favorable to the United States—followed by American control of Cuba and authority over Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.

Garza War (1891-1893)

The Garza Revolution or the Garza War, was an armed conflict fought in the Mexican state of Coahuila between 1891 and 1893. It began when the revolutionary Catarino Garza launched a uprising in Coahuila in an effort to start a revolution and bring down the Empire of Mexico. Because of the heavy fighting between the Mexican Imperial Army and the Garza Rebels the Empire of Mexico began to assume that the Garza Rebels where being supplied by the Republic of Texas, a assumption which proved to be wrong.

Mexican-Texas Border War (1910-1918)

Also known as the 3rd Mexican-Texas War, the border war refers to the military engagements which took place in the Mexican-Texas border region of North America. From the beginning of it in 1910, the Republic of Texas Army was stationed in force along the border and on several occasions fought with the Imperial Mexican Army. The Mexican-Texas Border War continued until 1918 when violence decreased significantly and by 1919 had ceased completely.

New Netherlands Aircraft Companies

Grumman Aeronautical Engineering Co.

When Loening Aircraft Engineering Coöperatie a small aircraft company in the kingdom of New Netherlands was bought by Keystone Aircraft Corporation in 1928 and it moved its aircraft production from New Netherlands to the United States of America, several employers from Loening Aircraft Engineering Coöperatie decided to start their own company in an old Cox-Klemin Aircraft Co. factory in Heemstad (OTL Hempstead) on Lange Eylant (OTL Long island), New Netherlands. The company filed as a business on December 5, 1929, and opened its doors on January 2, 1930 as Grumman Aeronautical Engineering Co. First the company kept itself busy by welding aluminum tubing for truck frames, the company eagerly pursued contracts with the Royal New Netherlands Navy. Grumman designed the first practical floats with a retractable landing gear for the Navy, and this launched Grumman into the aviation market.

Aircraft produced by Grumman Aeronautical

MJ-1, the first Grumman aircraft produced for the Royal New Netherlands Navy, the Grumman MJ-1 (MJ means Marine Jagers in Dutch ore in English, naval fighter) is a biplane with retractable landing gear and was used onboard the sole Royal New Netherlands Navy aircraft carrier.

MJ-2, Grumman's success with the two-seat MJ-1, which was significantly faster than even the single-seat fighters of its time, resulted in a contract for the single-seat MJ-2. The new design also incorporated watertight compartments to reduce weight and improve survivability in the event of a water landing. The prototype first flew on October 18th 1933. The Royal New Netherlands Navy ordered 54 MJ-2-1 fighters in May 1934, with the first aircraft delivered in January 1935. The MJ-2-1 had a relatively long service life for the time, serving in front-line squadrons from 1935 to late 1939, when squadrons began to receive the MJ-3-as a replacement.

MJ-3, an improved version of the Grumman MJ-2 which replaced the MJ-2 from 1936 onwards when it began to be deployed onboard the Royal New Netherlands Navy single aircraft carrier. In 1937 work began on the successor to the MJ-2 and the MJ-3, this resulted in the Grumman MJ-4 (OTL F4F Wildcat) which in February 1940 made its first flight.

MJ-4, successor to the MJ-3 which first test flew in February 2nd 1940.

MV-1 Eend (Duck), the MV-1 (MV means navy reconnaissance floatplane translated into Dutch) first flew on April 25th 1933 and more than 24 where manufactured from 1934 until 1935, when production switched to the MV-2 and later variants.

MV-2 Eend, an improved version of the earlier MV-1, with its main difference being a longer float. The MV-2 first flew on April 2nd 1936 and was delivered to the Royal New Netherlands Navy on the same day.

Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company

The Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company was founded by the merging of Curtiss Aeroplane Company of Hammondsport, New Netherlands and Curtiss Motor Company of Wilhelmine (OTL Bath) in 1916. The first major order for the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company where for 144 Model F flying boats for the Royal New Netherlands Naval Aviation Service.

In 1916 the company moved its headquarters and most manufacturing activities to Buffalo, New Netherlands, where there was far greater access to transportation, manpower, manufacturing, and much needed capital. Despite the Kingdom of New Netherlands remaining neutral in World War I, the company saw large growth thanks to it selling its aircraft both to the British and Canadians which resulted that it had more than 9,000 employers working in Buffalo and 1,500 in Hammondsport, producing 5,000 aircraft during the 1914 to 1918 period. On July 5, 1929, Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company merged with Wright Aeronautical to become the Curtiss-Wright Coöperatie.

Wright Aeronautical

An aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer located in New Netherlands. It evolved from the 1909-1916 Wright Company, which merged with the Glenn L. Martin Company in 1916 to form the Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation. Glenn Martin resigned from Wright-Martin and reformed an independent Glenn L. Martin Company in September 1917. Wright-Martin was renamed Wright Aeronautical in 1919. On July 5, 1929, Wright Aeronautical merged with the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company on to become the Curtiss-Wright Coöperatie.

Aircraft produced by Wright Aeronautical

Curtiss Model I, a conventional biplane with three-bay, unstaggered wings of equal span able to carry 8 passengers. Only 20 where build in the period of 1919 to 1921.

Curtiss Model II, a twin-engined version of the Curtiss Model I with only two build in 1922.

Curtiss Model III, the Curtiss Model III also known as the Curtiss Condor is a civil biplane airliner-transport aircraft build in the period of 1933 to 1934 with more than 45 build.

Curtiss J-23, an open-cockpit biplane fighter aircraft of the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force. With more than 100 produced in the period of 1924 to 1927. The J-23s where replaced in the early 1930s by the more modern J-35s and J-36s.

Curtiss J-27 Havik, a single-engine biplane fighter introduced into service in the late 1920s with the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force and operated until replaced by the more modern J-35s and J-36s. More than 70 where build including modified J-27s.

Curtiss J-28, an experimental biplane fighter tested by the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force with only two build in 1928.

Curtiss-Wright Coöperatie

Curtiss-Wright came into existence July 5th 1929, the result of a merger of Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company of Buffalo and Wright Aeronautical. With 75 million in capital, it was the largest aviation company in the Kingdom of New Netherlands surpassing even Grumman Aeronautical Engineering Co., Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie of New Netherlands and Vliegtuigenfabriek Seversky. Throughout the 1930s, Curtiss-Wright designed and built aircraft for military, commercial, and private markets. In 1937, the company developed the Curtiss J-36 (OTL P-36 Hawk) fighter aircraft, resulting in the largest peacetime aircraft order ever given by the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force and followed a year later by the New England Air Corps (Designated as the J-36NE). Curtiss-Wright also sold the J-36 to the Netherlands (Designated as the J-36NL) where they were used in combating German fighter planes during the invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940.

Also in October 1939, the Netherlands East Indies government ordered 24 Curtiss J-36s. The fighters were shipped in April 1940 (and were almost rerouted to the Netherlands, when Germany invaded in May 1940).

Aircraft produced by the Curtiss-Wright Coöperatie

Curtiss MV-35 Zeemeeuw, a single-engine scout observation biplane aircraft, designed for the Royal New Netherlands Navy. The Curtiss MV-35 Zeemeeuw ( OTL Curtiss SOC Seagull ) was ordered for production by the Royal New Netherlands Navy in 1933 and first entered service in 1935. By 1940 more than 135 MV-35 Zeemeeuws where in service with the Royal New Netherlands Naval Aviation Service, Royal New Netherlands Marine Corps and the New England Navy.

Curtiss J-36, a single-seat fighter which entered into service with the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force in 1937 with a total of 77 J-36s ordered.

Curtiss J-38, a single-engine fighter and ground attack aircraft that first flew in 1938. The Curtiss J-38 (OTL Curtiss P-40 Warhawk) is a modification of the previous Curtiss J-36s; this reduced development time enabled a rapid entry into production and operational service. In April 1939, the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force, witnessing the new sleek, high speed, in-line-engine fighters of the European air forces, placed an order of 224 Curtiss J-38s , its largest single fighter order it had ever made up to that point.

Curtiss C-40, the C-40 (C means cargo) transport aircraft originally derived from a commercial high-altitude airliner design. First test flown on March 26th 1940 with the first prototype purchased by the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force only a month later and with 200 expected to be bought for use with the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force and the Royal New Netherlands Naval Aviation Service.

Vliegtuigenfabriek Seversky

Vliegtuigenfabriek Seversky (OTL Seversky Aircraft Company) was founded in 1931 by Alexander de Seversky, a Russian expatriate and veteran World War I pilot who had lost a leg in the war. In the beginning, many of Vliegtuigenfabriek Seversky designers were Russian and Georgian engineers whom Seversky had rescued from Joseph Stalin's purges by bringing them to the New Netherlands. After several failed attempts, Vliegtuigenfabriek Seversky finally won a design competition for a new Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force fighter and was awarded its first military contract in 1936 for the production of more than 76 Seversky J-35 fighters.

In 1939, Vliegtuigenfabriek Seversky again entered in a military fighter competition, this time with the much improved Seversky J-39 (OTL Seversky XP-41). The Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force pleased with the aircraft's medium and high-altitude performance ordered 108 Seversky J-39s.

Aircraft produced by Vliegtuigenfabriek Seversky

Seversky J-35, a single-seat fighter which entered into service in 1937 with more 76 build for use with the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force.

Seversky J-39, a modified fighter plane derived from the Seversky J-35, having a new streamlined canopy, a new engine with a two-speed supercharger, and revised landing gear. The Seversky J-39 first flew in March 1939 and more than 108 where ordered by the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force as a replacement of the Seversky J-35.

Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie of New Netherlands

In 1924 the founder of the Fokker Company, Anthony Fokker established the New Netherlands subsidiary of the Fokker Company called the New Netherlands Aircraft Manufacturing Company (also known as Fokker-New Netherlands). The company was based in the city of New Amsterdam. The New Netherlands Aircraft Manufacturing Company was succeeded by the Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie which held the license rights of the Fokker designs and remained responsible for selling the aircraft from Koninklijke Nederlandse Vliegtuigenfabriek Fokker (English: Royal Netherlands Aircraft Company Fokker or for short Fokker) which is based in the Netherlands In 1925 the company also began to manufacture one of its own designs, the Fokker Universal.

In 1927 the Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie of New Netherlands was founded, which took over the Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie.

Aircraft produced by Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie of New Netherlands

Fokker Model I, the New Netherlands produced Fokker F.VII aircraft which was built by the Netherlands based Fokker factory as the Fokker Trimotor. The Fokker Model I was produced from 1925 to 1932. More than 130 where build for use in commercial service and 24 where build for use by the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force where they are designated as the C-1.

Fokker Model II, also known as the Fokker Universal or "Standard”, it was produced from 1926 to 1934 with more than 66 produced.

Fokker Model III, an enlarged and improved version of the Fokker Model II and also known as the Fokker Super Universal, it was produced from 1928 to 1936.

Fokker Model IV, an enlarged version of the Fokker Model I airliner, built in the late 1920s it carried 12 passengers, four more than the F.I, and had a larger wing and more powerful engines. The Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force bought four of them where they are designated as the C-2.

Fokker Model V, a passenger aircraft built by Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie of New Netherlands in 1929. It was the first four-engined aircraft designed and built in on the North American continent. Twenty examples were built, but they only entered limited commercial service; their high cost and problems with the cooling of the after engines proved prohibitive. The Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force evaluated the Fokker Model VI and bought 10 of them where they are designated as the C-3.

Fokker Model VI, also known as the Super Trimotor which is a improved and revised 14-passenger variant of the Fokker Model IV.

Fokker Model VII, the New Netherlands produced Fokker F.XX aircraft. The F.VII is the first New Netherlands produced Fokker plane to use an elliptical-section fuselage instead of the traditional square fuselage and being equipped with a retractable landing gear. However like it Netherlands version the F.VII was with the arrival of the twin-engined low-wing Douglas DC-2 and DC-3 obsolete and as a result in 1933 the Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie of New Netherlands only build four of them.

Fokker Model J-24, the New Netherlands produced Fokker C.V light reconnaissance and bomber aircraft which was built by the Netherlands based Fokker factory. The J-24 was the first military fighter plane produced by Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie of New Netherlands. More than 80 where produced from 1924 to 1932 and still remain in limit service in May 1940 in the role as light reconnaissance aircraft.

Fokker Model T-24, the New Netherlands produced Fokker S.IV military trainer aircraft which was built by the Netherlands based Fokker factory. More than 15 where produced from 1925 to 1927.

Fokker Model J-33, the New Netherlands produced Fokker Fokker C.X aircraft which was built by the Netherlands based Fokker factory. The J-33 replaced the J-24 and more than 33 where produced from 1933 to 1936 with their role being as scouts and light bombers.

Fokker Model J-37, the New Netherlands produced Fokker D.XXI fighter which was built by the Netherlands based Fokker factory. The Fokker Model J-37 was the attempt by Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie of New Netherlands to supply the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force with the newest fighter in 1937, two where build who were used for test flight by Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force, however the fighter contract was awarded to Curtiss-Wright Coöperatie who supplied the Curtiss J-38 to the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force.

Fokker Model B-38, the first new Netherlands produced twin-engine bomber which is built by the Netherlands based Fokker factory. The B-38 is the license version of the Fokker T.V twin-engine bomber produced by the Netherlands based Fokker factory for use with the Army Aviation Brigade (Luchtvaartbrigade). Production of the B-38 began in 1939 with more than 32 ordered by the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force.

Fokker Model B-39, a joint Fokker Aircraft Coöperatie of New Netherlands and Netherlands based Fokker factory project to build their first all-metal bomber. Designated the Fokker T.IX by the Netherlands Army Aviation Brigade it first flew in September 1939 in the Netherlands, a second prototype flew in the New Netherlands in November 1939.When the Germans invaded the Netherlands in May 1940 the two Fokker T.IX prototypes where destroyed by the Fokker engineers working on the project leaving only the two New Netherlands versions (B-39) intact.

City of New Amsterdam History

In 1664, an English attempt to conquer the New Netherlands failed and the town of New Amsterdam remained in the hands of the Dutch Republic and in the following years grew and prospered.

In 1667, the Dutch Director-General of the colony Petrus Stuyvesant appointed Stephanus van Cortlandt as the first mayor of New Amsterdam.

In 1754, New Amsterdam University (OTL Columbia University) was founded under charter by William V, Prince of Orange Stadtholder of the United Provinces in Lower Manhattan.

The city was the base for operations conducted by the Dutch republic in the in order to keep the French and Indian War (the North American theater of the Seven Years' War) out of the colony of the New Netherlands which remained somewhat neutral during the war.

A group of merchants in 1792, began meeting under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street, beginning the New Amsterdam Exchange, while a yellow fever epidemic that summer sent New Amsterdam citizens fleeing north to nearby healthful Groenwijck ( OTL Greenwich Village ).

In 1795 the just established New Netherlands Assembly met in the City of New Amsterdam, making it the national capital of the independent New Netherlands where the New Netherlands Constitution was created by the New Netherlands Assembly at New Amsterdam Hall on Wall Street where also the first Prime Minister of New Netherlands, Stephen Van Rensselaer, was inaugurated.

In 1807, Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from City of New Amsterdam to Beverwijck (OTL Albany City).

In 1821 the Long Island Hurricane caused a storm surge of 13 feet in one hour, leading to widespread flooding south of Kanaal Straat (Canal Street).

New Amsterdam grew as an economic center, first as a result of policies and practices and, later, with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which forming a continuous water route from the western Great Lakes to the Atlantic and north to Lake Champlain; helped the city grow further by increasing river traffic. Immigration resumed after being slowed by wars in Europe, and a new street grid system expanded to encompass all of Manhattan.

In 1831, as the city continued to expand, the Groenwijck University (OTL New York University), was founded at Rensselaer Plein (OTL Washington Square) in the town of Groenwijck. By 1835, Manhattan was in the throes of the first of its building booms, unfazed by the summer of cholera in 1832.

The establishment of regular steam ferries, starting with Robert Fulton's Fulton Ferry in 1814, spurred the growth of Breuckelen (OTL Brooklyn), which was established as a city in 1834.

Somewhere in 1835 the Great Fire of New Amsterdam broke out which leveled most of the city below Kanaal Straat (Canal Street).

The fires of the period, and the increased need for water for industry, led to the construction of the Croton Aqueduct water system between 1837 and 1842. The aqueduct opened in 1842, with great celebration. Prime Minster of New Netherlands Martin Van Buren and former Prime Minster Herman Knickerbocker were among those in attendance.

The city's rapid development was again interrupted by the Panic of 1837. But the city recovered and by mid-century established itself as major financial and mercantile capital in the western hemisphere.

The North River Railroad opened October 3, 1851; it extended Beverwijck and Schenectady Railroad, first railroad built in the country, south to the City of New Amsterdam.

The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants and by 1850, the Irish comprised almost 10 % of the city's population. Government institutions, including the New Amsterdam City Police Department in 1844 and the first public schools in the 1850s to respond to growing demands of residents where established by the City of New Amsterdam.

The city and its nearby suburbs grew rapidly for several reasons. The natural harbor at the base of Manhattan, Breuckelen, and the ports at Newark and Elizabeth provided almost unlimited capacity for trading ships and protection from storms.

Cities, like Boston in the Commonwealth of New England and Baltimore and Philadelphia in the United States of America, had good natural harbors, but New Amsterdam’s advantage over other cities on the Eastern Seaboard was that the North River and the Erie Canal formed the only water-level route through the Appalachian Mountains.

In 1874, nearly 31% of all United States of America exports passed through New Amsterdam harbor. In 1884, nearly 40% of United States of America imports came through New Amsterdam. The eventual rise of ports on the Gulf of Mexico and on the Pacific coast reduced New Amsterdam share of imports and exports to about 27%. Between 1860 and 1907, the assessed value of the land and buildings on Manhattan rose from 800 million to 2.4 billion Nieuw Nederlandse guldens.

The modern city of New Amsterdam which consists of five autonomous stadsdeels (borough), Breuckelen (OTL Brooklyn), Maspeth-Vlissingen (OTL Queens), Lange Eylant (OTL Long Island), Staaten Eylandt (OTL Staten Island) and Manhattan was created in 1898.

Horses were used for transportation in 1900, as they had been throughout the history of the city. There were 200,000 of them in the city, producing nearly 2,500 short tons of manure daily. It accumulated in the streets and was swept to the sides like snow. The smell was quite noticeable. Introduction of motor vehicles was a profound relief.

The municipal consolidation would also precipitate greater physical connections between the boroughs. The building of the City of New Amsterdam Metro (Subway), as the separate Stadsdeel New Amsterdam Municipal Metro and Breuckelen-Manhattan Metro, and the later Independent Metro Service, and the opening of the first Metro line in 1905 marked the beginning of what became a force for population spread and development. The Williamsburg Bridge in 1903 and the Manhattan Bridge in 1909 further connected Manhattan to the rapidly expanding bedroom community in Breuckelen. The world-famous Grand Central Station opened as the world's largest train station on February 1, 1913, replacing an earlier Station on the site.

These years also saw the peak of European immigration and the shifting of that immigration from Western Europe to Southern and Eastern Europe. On June 15, 1904 over 1,000 people, mostly German immigrants, were killed when the steamship General Slocum caught fire and burned in the East River, marking the beginning of the end of the community in Little Germany. On March 25, 1911 the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Groenwijck (OTL Greenwich Village) took the lives of 145 mostly Italian and Jewish female garment workers, which would eventually lead to great advancements in the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.

Immigrant families continued establishing themselves, and more started moving into the neighborhoods outside Manhattan; in a sign of Stadsdeel maturation, the 1920 census showed Breuckelen for the first time overtaking Manhattan as the most populous Stadsdeel.

The Philadelphia Stock Exchange Crash of 1929 in the United States of America affected the City of New Amsterdam but thanks to the efforts of then mayor of the City of New Amsterdam (1926–1930) Franklin D. Roosevelt and later prime minster from 1930 onwards, the city was able to largely avoid the situation which where sweeping across the United States of America.

In 1934, New Netherlands Labor Party reformer Fiorello La Guardia became the first Italian-New Netherlands personal to become the mayor of the City of New Amsterdam.

Bridges and Tunnels in the City of New Amsterdam

These are some of the bridges and tunnels in the City of New Amsterdam.

Van Buren Tunnel

The Van Buren Tunnel is a 2.4 km long tunnel under the North River (OTL Hudson), connecting the town of Weehawken and the autonomous stadsdeel (borough) of Manhattan in the City of New Amsterdam.

North River Tunnel

A rail line tunnel that the New Netherlands Railways uses under the North River (OTL Hudson River) between Weehawken and New Amsterdam Station in Manhattan.

Kanaal Straat Tunnel

Kanaal Straat Tunnel (OTL Holland Tunnel) is a is a tunnel under the North River connecting the island of Manhattan in the City of New Amsterdam with Pavonia (OTL Jersey City ).

Breuckelen Bridge

The Breuckelen Bridge (OTL Brooklyn Bridge) is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the New Netherlands. Completed in 1883, it connects the City of New Amsterdam autonomous stadsdeels of Manhattan and Breuckelen.

Willis Straat Bridge

Is a swing bridge that carries road traffic northbound over the Harlem River between the autonomous stadsdeels of Manhattan and Bronx.

3rd Straat Bridge

The 3rd Straat Bridge carries southbound road traffic on Third Avenue over the Harlem River, connecting the autonomous stadsdeels of Manhattan and Bronx.

Knickerbocker Straat Bridge

The Knickerbocker Straat Bridge (OTL Madison Avenue Bridge) crosses the Harlem River connecting Knickerbocker Straat in Manhattan with East 138th Street in the Bronx.

145th Straat Bridge

A four-lane swing bridge that crosses the Harlem River, connecting 145th Straat and Lenox Straat in Manhattan with East 149th Straat and River Straat in the Bronx.

Macombs Dam Bridge

A swing bridge that spans the Harlem River, connecting the autonomous stadsdeels of Manhattan and Bronx.

Spuyten Duyvil Bridge

A swing bridge that carries a New Netherlands Railways line across the Spuyten Duyvil Creek between Manhattan and the Bronx.

Nieuwe Beek Bridge

A truss bridge that spans Nieuwe Beek ( OTL Newtown Creek ) between the autonomous stadsdeels of Breuckelen and Maspeth-Vlissingen, connecting Greenpoint, Breuckelen and Maspeth-Vlissingen.

Pelham Bridge

A bascule bridge located in the autonomous stadsdeel of the Bronx.

Triboro Bridge

The Triboro Bridge (OTL Robert F. Kennedy Bridge) is a set of three separate bridges in the City of New Amsterdam. Spanning the Harlem River, Bronx Kill and the Hell Gate (part of the Sound River).

Manhattan Bridge

A suspension bridge that crosses the Sound River ( OTL East River ) in the City of New Amsterdam, connecting Lower Manhattan with Breuckelen.

Maspeth-Vlissingen Bridge

The Maspeth-Vlissingen Bridge (OTL Queensboro Bridge) is a cantilever bridge over the Sound River in the City of New Amsterdam and was completed in 1909.

Sound River Arch Bridge

The Sound River Arch Bridge (OTL Hell Gate Bridge) is a 310 m steel through arch railroad bridge between Astoria in the autonomous stadsdeel of Maspeth-Vlissingen and Van Twiller Island (OTL Randall’s Island) and Wards Islands.

Wards Island Bridge

The Wards Island Bridge is a pedestrian bridge crossing the Harlem River between Manhattan Island and Wards Island in the City of New Amsterdam.

Stephen Van Rensselaer Bridge

A suspension bridge spanning the North River, connecting the Jacobszoon Heights ( OTL Washington Heights ) neighborhood in the autonomous stadsdeel of Manhattan in the City of New Amsterdam to Fort Hudson ( OTL Fort Lee , New Jersey ).

Goethals Bridge

The Goethals Bridge which is named after George Washington Goethals a Royal New Netherlands Army officer connects the city of Elizabeth to Staaten Eylandt (OTL Staten Island), City of New Amsterdam.

Outerbridge Bridge

The Outerbridge Bridge connects the city of South Groningen (OTL Perth Amboy, New Jersey) with the autonomous stadsdeel of Staaten Eylandt in the City of New Amsterdam.

Bayonne Bridge

A bridge that connects the city of Bayonne with the autonomous stadsdeel of Staaten Eylandt in the City of New Amsterdam.

Biography of New Netherlands Prime Minsters

Stephen Van Rensselaer (1764-1839)

The 1st Prime Minster of New Netherlands, a member of the Council of Twenty Four Men (Dutch: Raad van 24) which was a group of men chosen by the residents of the colony of New Netherlands to advise the Director-General of New Netherlands and considered the fore runner of the New Netherlands States-General, elected by a majority in a vote held by the Council of Twenty Four Men when Director-General Pierre Van Cortlandt announced that he would not run for the office of Prime Minster after already having served as Director-General for more than 18 years, served his first term from 1795-1799 in which many of the laws which govern the New Netherlands where made.

After leaving office in 1803 and enjoying a fair measure of popularity due him being one of the founding fathers of an independent New Netherlands and still having had the energy to try to serve his new country. He active supporting New Netherlands becoming a country within the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, was a member of the New Netherlands Constitutional Convention in 1816 and a member of the New Netherlands Canal Commission for twenty-three years (1816-1839), fourteen of which he served as its president.

Jeremiah Van Rensselaer (1738-1810)

The 2nd Prime Minster of New Netherlands, a member of New Netherlands Assembly (1795-1803) served as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1803-1810) before dying in his third term in office.

DeWitt Clinton (1769-1828)

The 3rd Prime Minster of New Netherlands, a member of the New Netherlands Senate (1802-1806) Mayor of the City of New Amsterdam (1806-1810) was elected after the death of the 2nd Prime Minster of New Netherlands Jeremiah Van Rensselaer in a special election held by the New Netherlands States-General as there was no Deputy Prime Minster available to assume the function as Prime Minster, served first as Prime minister from 1810-1814 until winning a normal election in 1814, was the Prime Minster who created the function of Deputy Prime Minster.

Herman Knickerbocker (1779-1855)

The 4th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, a member of New Netherlands Assembly (1809-1817) before serving as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1818-1826).

Martin Van Buren (1782-1862)

The 5th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, served as the New Amsterdam prosecutor (1815-1819) a member of the New Netherlands Senate (1821-1827) New Netherlands Ambassador to the United States (1828-1831) New Netherlands Secretary of State (1831-1833), Deputy Prime Minster of New Netherlands under the Herman Knickerbocker administration (1833-1837) before serving as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1837-1857).

Robert Campbell (1808-1870)

The 6th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, served as a delegate to the New Netherlands Constitutional Convention in 1846, Deputy Prime Minster of New Netherlands under the Martin Van Buren administration (1852-1857), before serving one term as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1857-1861).

Charles Benedict Calvert (1808-1868)

The 7th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, serving one term as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1861-1865).

Schuyler Colfax, Jr. (1823-1885)

The 8th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, a member of New Netherlands Assembly (1855-1869), President of the House of Representatives (1863-1865) before serving as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1865-1877).

Theodore Fitz Randolph (1826-1890)

The 9th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, a member of New Netherlands Assembly (1859-1863). New Netherlands Senate (1863-1867) before serving as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1877-1885).

Leon Abbett (1830-1894)

The 10th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, a member of New Netherlands Assembly (1864-1866) and (1869-1870) when he was also the President of the House of Representatives. One term in the New Netherlands Senate (1875-1877) and was Senate President in 1877, before serving one term as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1885-1889).

George Craig Ludlow (1830-1900)

The 11th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, a member of the New Netherlands Senate (1876-1882), President of the Senate of the New Netherlands in (1878-1882) before becoming Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1889-1897).

Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1924)

The 12th Prime Minster of New Netherlands. leader of the New Netherlands General Party (Dutch: Algemeene Nieuw Nederlandse Partij) and founder of the Progressive Party (Dutch: Progressieve Partij) from 1912 until his death in 1924. His career began in 1889 when he became the president of the board of New Amsterdam Chief Superintendents (1889-1891) in charge of the New Amsterdam Police Department, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1892-1893), mayor of the City of New Amsterdam (1893-1896) before becoming Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1897-1918).

M. William Bray (1889-19??)

The 13th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, served as Deputy Prime Minster of New Netherlands under the Theodore Roosevelt administration (1910-1918) before serving one term as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1918 to 1922).

Robert Ferdinand Wagner (1877-19??)

The 14th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, served as Deputy Prime Minster of New Netherlands under the M. William Bray administration (1918-1922) before serving two terms as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands (1922 to 1930).

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-19??)

The 15th Prime Minster of New Netherlands, served as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1918-1922), mayor of the City of New Amsterdam (1926-1930) before being elected as Prime minster of the Kingdom of New Netherlands.

First Term 1930-1934

In his first term he reduced the spending on the Royal New Netherlands Armed Forces from 376 million Nieuw Nederlandse guldens to 265 million Nieuw Nederlandse guldens in 1934.

Second Term 1934-1938

After winning his second election in 1934, Prime Minster Roosevelt received large majorities in both the New Netherlands Assembly and the New Netherlands Senate allowing him to pass many laws.

In 1935, in responds to Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, the New Netherlands Assembly passed the Engagement Act, applying a ban on the shipment of arms from the Kingdom of New Netherlands to any nation which starts a war. In 1937, the New Netherlands Assembly passed an even more stringent act, based on the Engagement Act of 1935.

In October 1937, Prime Minster Roosevelt gave the Netherlands Support Speech. In which he declared that the Kingdom of New Netherlands would always support the Kingdom of the Netherlands with any means at the disposal of the Kingdom of New Netherlands.

Third Term 1938 to end in 1942

In 1938 Prime Minster Roosevelt became the third Prime Minster in the history of the New Netherlands to be elected to a third term.

On September 1938, Prime Minster Roosevelt told several newspapers that Kingdom of New Netherlands would not join a “stop-Hitler bloc” under any circumstances, and he made it quite clear in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia, the Kingdom of New Netherlands would remain neutral.

The Roosevelt administration began to increase the funding of the Royal New Netherlands Armed Forces to almost 400 million Nieuw Nederlandse guldens in late 1939 and increasing the aid to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as fears that Germany would not recognize its neutrality. By the beginning of 1940 the Roosevelt administration, with bipartisan support, began to expand and re-equip the Royal New Netherlands Army and Royal New Netherlands Navy and even sending military hardware with New Netherlands troops manning to the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

On May 11th 1940 when the news came in that Germany had invaded the Netherlands, Prime Minster Roosevelt in a Joint Session of both the New Netherlands Assembly and the New Netherlands Senate, asked them to declare war against Germany for their unprovoked invasion of the Netherlands, which after only a hour of his request was passed by both houses, when they passed a formal declaration of war against Germany.

Civil Airports in the Kingdom of New Netherlands

Newark Airport

Newark Airport was the first major airport in the Kingdom of New Netherlands, opening on October 1, 1928. Eight years later in 1935 the Newark Airport Administration Building, which was North America's first commercial airline terminal opened.

Newark was the busiest airport in the world until New Amsterdam Municipal Airport opened in 1939, dividing New Amsterdam air traffic.

In end of May 1940, Newark Airport was closed to passenger traffic and taken over by the Royal New Netherlands Army for logistics operations in the support of the war in Europe.

New Amsterdam Municipal Airport

New Amsterdam Municipal Airport was dedicated on October 15, 1939, and opened for business on December 2, 1939. It cost the city of New Amsterdam City, 23,000,000 Nieuw Nederlandse guldens to turn a tiny airport into a 550-acre (2.2 km2) modern facility.

From its opening on December 2, 1939 onwards the citizens of the city of New Amsterdam have become fascinated by the very idea of air travel, and thousands have travel so far to the airport, paying dime fee, and watching airliners take off and land. A year sins its opening these fees and their associated parking have already provided 142,500 Nieuw Nederlandse guldens, while another non-travel related incomes (food, etc.) have provided an additional 325,000 Nieuw Nederlandse guldens.

New Amsterdam Municipal Airport has become the busiest civilian airfield in the Kingdom of New Netherlands, sins the closing of Newark Airport by the Royal New Netherlands Army for passenger traffic.

Theodore Roosevelt Airport

Originally named the Heemstede Plains Aerodrome, it was renamed in honor of former Prime Minster Theodore Roosevelt after his death in 1924.

The Heemstede Plains Aerodrome, originally encompassed 900 to 1,000 acres (405 ha) ,When in 1914 the New Netherlands military began using the Heemstede Plains field as a training center for military pilots it was renamed Hazelhurst Field. From 1918 onwards the New Netherlands Army Air Service authorized some companies to operate from Hazelhurst Field until July 1, 1920, at which time the government sold its buildings and improvements and relinquished control of the field. On September 24, 1924, the airfield name was changed to Roosevelt Field. At its peak in the 1930s, it was New Netherlands busiest civilian airfield until the opening of Newark Airport and later on New Amsterdam Municipal Airport.

While one part of Theodore Roosevelt Airport is used as a civilian airfield another part is used by the Royal New Netherlands Army Air Force and the Royal New Netherlands Naval Aviation Service.

Flushing Airport

Flushing Airport is an airfield located in Flushing, a neighborhood in the north central part of the city of New Amsterdam, The airfield began operating in 1927. It was one of the busiest airports in the city of New Amsterdam before the emergence of the larger New Amsterdam Municipal Airport.

Beverwijck International Airport

Beverwijck International (OTL Albany International Airport) was the first, and remains the oldest, municipal airport in the Kingdom of New Netherlands and has been operating sins 1908.

Buffalo Municipal Airport

Built in 1926, Buffalo Municipal Airport is one of the oldest public airports in the Kingdom of New Netherlands.

Royal New Netherlands Navy fleet of 1940

The Royal New Netherlands Navy (Dutch: Koninklijke Nieuw Nederlandse Marine) was founded in 1796 when the New Netherlands States-General passed a law which saw the New Netherlands Naval Militia (1776-1795 ) becoming the New Netherlands Navy under the supervision of a ministry of the navy. More than 145 years later in 1940 the Royal New Netherlands Navy has grown out to a force consisting of two battleships, two heavy cruisers, four light cruisers and 21 destroyers making it the second most powerful navy on the north American continent after the United States Navy.

Battleships

New Amsterdam-class battleships

HMNNS New Amsterdam, commissioned at New Netherlands Navy Yard in 1914.
HMNNS New Amstel, commissioned at New Netherlands Navy Yard in 1914.

Heavy cruisers

Prins van Oranje-class heavy cruisers

HMNNS Prins van Oranje
HMNNS Prins der Nieuw Nederlanden

Light cruisers

Beverwijck-class light cruisers

HMNNS Beverwijck

Breuckelen-class light cruiser

The Breuckelen-class light cruisers is armed with 8 x 149 mm Bofors No. 11 (4x2) triple turrets and 4 x 40 mm Bofors 40 mm guns (2x2).

HMNNS Breuckelen, commissioned at New Netherlands Navy Yard in 1937.
HMNNS Buffalo, commissioned at New Netherlands Navy Yard in 1938.
HMNNS Batavia, commissioned at New Netherlands Navy Yard in 1938

Destroyers

Leeuw-class destroyers

The Leeuw-class destroyers are the New Netherlands version of the Netherlands Admiralen-class destroyer built for the Royal Netherlands Navy between 1926 and 1931. Unlike the Admiralen-class destroyer the Leeuw-class destroyers do not possess the capacity to carry a seaplane.

HMNNS Leeuw
HMNNS Tijger
HMNNS Luipaard
HMNNS Jaguar

Cornelis Jacobszoon-class destroyers

The Cornelis Jacobszoon-class destroyers ore also known as the Director General-class destroyers where constructed between 1931 to 1939 at the New Netherlands Navy Yard, New Netherlands Shipbuilding Corporation and Royal New Netherlands Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. The Cornelis Jacobszoon-class are armed with 5 × 120 mm (4.7 in) guns (5x1), 4 × .50 caliber machine guns, 4 × 120 mm guns (4x1), 2 × 75 mm AA guns and 8 × 533 mm torpedo tubes (2x4). The Cornelis Jacobszoon-class has a maximum speed of 36 knots (67 km/h).

HMNNS Cornelis Jacobszoon
HMNNS Willem Verhulst
HMNNS Peter Minuit
HMNNS Sebastiaen Jansen Krol
HMNNS Wouter van Twiller
HMNNS Willem Kieft
HMNNS Petrus Stuyvesant
HMNNS Cornelis Jacobsz Steenwijck
HMNNS Albert Janse Ryckman,
HMNNS Abraham van Vredenburg
HMNNS Paul van der Veen Doens
HMNNS Pieter Van Brugh
HMNNS Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
HMNNS Cortlandt Skinner
HMNNS Peter Van Brugh Livingston
HMNNS Pierre Van Cortlandt
HMNNS Adriaen Block